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関連する概念動画

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the adult...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...

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Updated: May 12, 2026

Vascularized Composite Upper Limb Allograft Harvesting for Proximal Arm Allotransplantation
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Vascularized Composite Upper Limb Allograft Harvesting for Proximal Arm Allotransplantation

Published on: June 13, 2025

アウストラロピテクス・セディバ (Australopithecus sediba) の上肢である.

Steven E Churchill1, Trenton W Holliday, Kristian J Carlson

  • 1Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. churchy@duke.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|April 13, 2013
PubMed
まとめ

アウストラロピテクス・セディバ (Australopithecus sediba) の化石は,初期のヒトの上肢の進化は,登山能力を保持していたことを明らかにしています. これは,ホモ・エレクタスに見られる前肢の操作機能への後のシフトを示唆している.

さらに関連する動画

Assessing Forelimb Function after Unilateral Cervical SCI using Novel Tasks: Limb Step-alternation, Postural Instability and Pasta Handling
08:11

Assessing Forelimb Function after Unilateral Cervical SCI using Novel Tasks: Limb Step-alternation, Postural Instability and Pasta Handling

Published on: September 16, 2013

Reverse Dissection and DiceCT Reveal Otherwise Hidden Data in the Evolution of the Primate Face
08:15

Reverse Dissection and DiceCT Reveal Otherwise Hidden Data in the Evolution of the Primate Face

Published on: January 7, 2019

関連する実験動画

Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Vascularized Composite Upper Limb Allograft Harvesting for Proximal Arm Allotransplantation
08:11

Vascularized Composite Upper Limb Allograft Harvesting for Proximal Arm Allotransplantation

Published on: June 13, 2025

Assessing Forelimb Function after Unilateral Cervical SCI using Novel Tasks: Limb Step-alternation, Postural Instability and Pasta Handling
08:11

Assessing Forelimb Function after Unilateral Cervical SCI using Novel Tasks: Limb Step-alternation, Postural Instability and Pasta Handling

Published on: September 16, 2013

Reverse Dissection and DiceCT Reveal Otherwise Hidden Data in the Evolution of the Primate Face
08:15

Reverse Dissection and DiceCT Reveal Otherwise Hidden Data in the Evolution of the Primate Face

Published on: January 7, 2019

科学分野:

  • 古人類学は,古人類学である.
  • 人間の進化 人類の進化
  • 霊長類の解剖学について

背景:

  • 人間の上肢は,移動と握りという二重の役割から,主に操作へと進化した.
  • この移行を理解するには,移行期のホミニン化石を調べる必要があります.

研究 の 目的:

  • アウストラロピテクス・セディバ (Australopithecus sediba) の上肢 (手と手首を除く) の解剖を分析するために.
  • アウストラロピテクス・セディバの前肢の機能的能力と進化段階を推論する.

主な方法:

  • 保存状態の良い前肢化石の分析は,1.98百万年前のアウストラロピテクス・セディバ (Australopithecus sediba) の化石が残っている.
  • 現存する類人猿や他のヒト類の種と比較した解剖学的評価.

主要な成果:

  • アウストラロピテクス・セディバの上肢は,他の頭蓋骨後の要素とは異なり,主に原始的な特徴を示しています.
  • これらの原始的な特徴は,登りやサスペンサーの能力を大幅に維持していることを示しています.
  • 前肢を掴み取ったり,操作したりするために使用することへの移行は,後の進化的発展であるように思われる.

結論:

  • アウストラロピテクス・セディバの上肢の解剖学は,祖先の登山適応を保持していたことを示唆している.
  • 人間の前肢の特殊な操作機能は,おそらくホモ・ラインラインの後に,おそらくホモ・エレクタスと共に出現した.