低所得国,中所得国における母と子供の栄養失調と肥満

Robert E Black¹, Cesar G Victora², Susan P Walker³

¹Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Lancet (London, England)

|June 11, 2013

まとめ

栄養不良や肥満を含む母子栄養不良は,低所得国や中所得国に重大な影響を及ぼしています. これらの問題に対処することは,子供の死亡率を削減し,長期的な健康問題を予防するために不可欠です.

科学分野:

グローバル・ヘルスグローバル・ヘルス
栄養科学とは,栄養科学である.
公衆衛生は公衆衛生である.

背景:

母親と子供の栄養失調は,低所得国と中所得国において,栄養失調と肥満率の上昇の両方を含む二重の負担を伴う.
母親の体重不足がわずかに減少した一方で,アジアとアフリカでは依然として流行しており,1980年以来,母親の体重過剰が世界的に増加しています.
子どもの発育阻害や衰えは,特に南アジアやサハラ以南のアフリカで,何百万もの幼い子供に影響を及ぼし続けている.

研究の目的:

母子における様々な形態の栄養失調の発生率と影響を分析する.
栄養不良による幼児死亡率と長期的な健康への影響を定量化する.
生殖年齢の女性,妊婦,幼い子供に対する標的型介入の必要性を強調する.

主な方法:

母親と子供の栄養状態に関する疫学データのレビュー.
総栄養不良に起因する子供の死亡率の割合の推定.
母親の栄養失調,子供の発達,非伝染性疾患との関連性の分析.

主要な成果:

胎児の成長制限,発育阻害,衰弱,欠陥を含む栄養不良は,毎年310万人の子供の死亡 (2011年の死亡者総数の45%) に寄与しています.
母親の栄養不良は,新生児死亡や子供の発育不全のリスクを高め,栄養不良の授乳は,最初の2年間の死亡率を高めます.
妊産婦の過体重と肥満は,妊産婦の罹病率と乳児死亡率の増加と関連しており,子供の過体重は成人非伝染性疾患に寄与しています.

結論:

女性と幼児の栄養失調は,低所得および中所得国において,重要かつ増大する公衆衛生上の課題となっている.
生殖年齢,妊娠,幼少期の女性を対象とした緊急の介入は,現在のおよび将来の病気の負担を軽減するために必要である.
栄養不良と過体重/肥満の両方に対処することは,世界的に母子保健の成果を改善するために不可欠です.

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