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X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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Interaction of EM Radiation with Matter: Spectroscopy01:12

Interaction of EM Radiation with Matter: Spectroscopy

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Electromagnetic (EM) radiation can be considered an oscillating electric and magnetic field propagating through a medium that can interact with matter in its path. The electric field in the radiation can interact with electrical charges in the atoms or molecules in the matter. On the other hand, the magnetic field can interact with the magnetic field in the atomic nucleus. The study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter is termed spectroscopy. Spectroscopy is the study...
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X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
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Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

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A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
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X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

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In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
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Energy Dispersive X-ray Tomography for 3D Elemental Mapping of Individual Nanoparticles
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材料科学のための刺激されたX線放射.

M Beye1, S Schreck, F Sorgenfrei

  • 1Institute for Methods and Instrumentation of Synchrotron Radiation Research G-ISRR, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany. martin.beye@helmholtz-berlin.de

Nature
|August 23, 2013
PubMed
まとめ

研究者らは,シリコンで刺激されたX線放射を実証し,これはサンプルダメージを大幅に軽減し,物質の低エネルギー刺激を検出するためのスペクトル解像度を向上させる新しい技術である.

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Elemental-sensitive Detection of the Chemistry in Batteries through Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering
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Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

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Elemental-sensitive Detection of the Chemistry in Batteries through Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering
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Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
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科学分野:

  • 凝縮物質物理学 凝縮物質物理学
  • X線スペクトロスコピーは,X線スペクトロスコピーを用いて,
  • マテリアルサイエンス 材料科学

背景:

  • 共振不弾性X線散射 (RIXS) とX線放射スペクトロスコピー (XES) は,低エネルギー刺激 (振動,電荷,スピン,軌道) を探査します.
  • 柔らかいX線における低光率 (<1%) は,RIXS.のために高い光子密度を必要とする.
  • 非放射性崩壊によるサンプル損傷と限られたスペクトル解像度が,RIXSアプリケーションを妨げています.

研究 の 目的:

  • RIXSの制限を克服する方法として刺激X線放射 (SXE) を実証する.
  • 高収量を達成し,X線スペクトロスコピーのサンプルダメージを減らすために.
  • 低エネルギー刺激とその分散の優れた探査を可能にします.

主な方法:

  • 水晶シリコンで刺激されたX線放射の実証.
  • 自由電子レーザーで達成可能な光子密度を活用する.
  • 刺激された放射性崩壊を利用して,非放射性プロセスに勝る.

主要な成果:

  • 結晶シリコンで刺激されたX線放射の実証に成功した.
  • 刺激された放射性崩壊によるサンプル損傷の減少.
  • 誘発放射線の誘導ビームの狭帯域幅検出を有効にしました.
  • SXEのリターンの数桁の増幅の可能性を推論した.

結論:

  • 刺激されたX線放射は,低エネルギー刺激の探査のための高収量,低ダメージの代替手段を提供します.
  • この技術は,凝縮物質における非線形X線物理を理論から実用的な応用へと進めます.
  • 拡張されたスペクトル解像度とX線スペクトロスコピーにおけるより広範な材料の適用性のための道を開く.