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Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

40.4K
Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
40.4K
Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I01:26

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I

5.8K
The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...
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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II01:11

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II

5.0K
Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
5.0K
Cerebrospinal Fluid01:21

Cerebrospinal Fluid

8.0K
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a colorless liquid that flows around the brain and the spinal cord, playing a vital role in the protection, support, and overall function of the central nervous system (CNS). CSF production, circulation, and absorption are tightly regulated processes essential for the brain and spinal cord to function properly.
CSF Production
CSF is produced mainly in the choroid plexus, a network of capillaries and ependymal cells located within the ventricular system of the brain....
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Generation of iPSC-derived Human Brain Organoids to Model Early Neurodevelopmental Disorders
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脳のオルガノイドは,人間の脳の発達とマイクロセファリーをモデルにしています.

Madeline A Lancaster1, Magdalena Renner, Carol-Anne Martin

  • 1Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna 1030, Austria.

Nature
|September 3, 2013
PubMed
まとめ

研究者らは,ヒトの多能幹細胞から3次元脳オーガノイドを開発し,ヒトの脳発達をモデル化しました. これらのオルガノイドは,ヒトの皮質の発達と疾患を成功裏に再現し,脳の障害を研究するための新しいツールを提供します.

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科学分野:

  • 神経科学は神経科学である.
  • 発達生物学 発達生物学について
  • 幹細胞生物学 幹細胞生物学

背景:

  • モデル生物で複雑な人間の脳疾患を研究することは,大変な課題です.
  • 人間の脳の発達に関する in vitro モデルの必要性が非常に高い.

研究 の 目的:

  • 人間の脳の発達をモデル化するための3次元オーガノイド培養システムを開発する.
  • ヒトの皮質の発達と疾患のフェノタイプの復習を in vitro で調査する.

主な方法:

  • ヒトの多能幹細胞は,三次元脳オーガノイドに微分化されました.
  • RNAの干渉と患者特有の誘導性多能幹細胞が利用されました.
  • 脳のオルガノイドは,発達特徴と疾患モデリングのために分析されました.

主要な成果:

  • 脳のオルガノイドは,成熟したニューロンサブタイプを持つ脳皮質を含む,分離した,相互依存した脳領域を開発しました.
  • オルガノイドは,原始領域の組織と外側の放射性膠質細胞などのヒトの皮質発達の重要な特徴を再現した.
  • 患者に由来するオルガノイドは,早すぎる神経分化を示す小頭症をモデル化しました.

結論:

  • 三次元脳オーガノイドは,ヒトの脳発達のための実用的なインビトロモデルとして機能します.
  • このシステムは,人間の脳の正常な発達状態と疾患状態の両方を効果的に再現します.
  • 脳のオルガノイドは,複雑な神経疾患の研究のための強力なプラットフォームを提供します.