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Cell Size01:22

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Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (μm)and are considerably smaller than most eukaryotic cells. The smallest bacteria are 0.1 μm in diameter—about a thousand times smaller than eukaryotic cells, which typically range from 10-100 μm.
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Within a biological system, the DNA encodes the RNA, and the nucleotide sequence in the RNA further defines the amino acid sequence in the protein. This is referred to as “The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” - a term coined by Francis Crick.  Central dogma is a firm principle in biology that defines the flow of genetic information within any life form. The two fundamental steps in central dogma are - transcription and translation.
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Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content02:33

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Cytokinesis segregates a cell’s chromosomes and organelles into its daughter cells. Organelles divide and grow prior to cell division but cannot be synthesized de novo; therefore, cells must receive at least one copy of each organelle to survive. Currently, many of the details of how the organelles are distributed are not yet fully elucidated.
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The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term "cell" based on the resemblance of the small subdivisions in the cork to the rooms that monks inhabited, called cells. About ten years later, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to observe the living and moving cells under a microscope. In the century that followed, the theory that cells represented the basic unit of life developed.
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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
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Discrimination and Characterization of Heterocellular Populations Using Quantitative Imaging Techniques
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Discrimination and Characterization of Heterocellular Populations Using Quantitative Imaging Techniques

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細胞の形状で情報を解読する.

Padmini Rangamani1, Azi Lipshtat, Evren U Azeloglu

  • 1Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics and Systems Biology Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.

Cell
|September 17, 2013
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

細胞の形状は,プラズマ膜の曲線を変えることで健康に影響し,これは細胞の信号伝達に影響します. 伸びた細胞は活性化された受容体を集約し,信号を放大し,情報を形状に保存します.

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科学分野:

  • 細胞生物学 細胞生物学
  • バイオフィジックス 生物物理学
  • システム生物学 システム生物学

背景:

  • 細胞の形状は,細胞の健康と機能の重要な指標である.
  • 細胞が形状に関する情報をデコードするメカニズムは,ほとんど未知のままです.
  • プラズマ膜の曲線は,形状を細胞信号に変換する潜在的な媒介です.

研究 の 目的:

  • 細胞の形状の伸びがプラズマ膜のシグナル伝達にどのように影響するかを調査する.
  • プラズマ膜の曲線が変化するという仮説を検証するために,形状情報をデコードする.
  • 細胞の形が情報保存の形態として機能するかどうかを判断する.

主な方法:

  • 信号伝送に対する細胞形状効果をモデル化するために,分析的数学アプローチと数値シミュレーションを使用しました.
  • プラズマ膜の曲線との関係で活性化受容体の分布を分析した.
  • 細胞特異性を操作することによって実験的検証を行った.

主要な成果:

  • 数学的分析により,細胞の偏心性が増加したより高い曲線領域で活性化受容体の一時的な蓄積が示されました.
  • この受容体の分布は,反応-拡散不均衡による周期的なパターン (マティエ関数) に従った.
  • 数値シミュレーションにより,これらの受容体マイクロドメインは下流信号を放大し,成長因子受容体経路における活性化された細胞質Srcおよび核MAPK1,2レベルを増加させることが示されました.

結論:

  • 細胞の形状,特に離心度は,プラズマ膜のシグナルダイナミクスに直接影響を及ぼします.
  • 曲った膜の領域における活性化受容体の蓄積は,細胞内信号伝達経路を拡大する.
  • 実験的な検証により,細胞の形状が検索可能な情報保存の場所として機能することを確認しました.