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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II
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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I
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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Mechanism of heat transfer
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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant...
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant...
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Specific Heat
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The specific heat capacity of a substance refers to the energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of that substance by one degree Celcius. Specific heat capacity is often represented in calories (cal), grams (g), and degrees Celsius (oC), but can also be expressed in joules (J), kilograms (kg), and Kelvin (K), among other units.
For example, increasing the temperature of one gram of water by 1°C requires one calorie of heat energy and can be written as 1 cal/g-°C, or...
For example, increasing the temperature of one gram of water by 1°C requires one calorie of heat energy and can be written as 1 cal/g-°C, or...
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Radiation: Applications
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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熱パイプ地球 地球の熱パイプ
William B Moore1, A Alexander G Webb
1Department of Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia 23668, USA. william.moore@hamptonu.edu
Nature
|September 27, 2013
まとめ
初期の地球 初期の地球
科学分野:
- ジオダイナミクスは地力学です.
- 初期の地球 進化 進化
- 惑星科学 惑星科学
背景:
- 初期の地球の熱伝達と石層動力学 (プレート構造,垂直構造) の現在のモデルは,地質学的証拠によるグローバルな合成が欠けている.
- 現存するモデルでは,地球の初期の熱と地質の歴史を完全に説明できていません.
研究 の 目的:
- 初期の地球の表面熱輸送の支配的なメカニズムとして熱管モデルを調査する.
- 地動力学的プロセスを,初期の地球の地質学的記録と調和させる.
主な方法:
- 熱管モデルの数値シミュレーション.
- シミュレーションアウトプットの比較と初期の地球の地質学的記録.
主要な成果:
- ヒートパイプモデルのシミュレーションは,広範囲の火山活動による冷たい,厚い石層を予測しています.
- モデルの結果は,火山の急速な浮上と収縮変形に関する地質学的証拠と一致しています.
- シミュレーションは,プレート構造の発生に先立つ熱管火山活動の減少を示しています.
結論:
- 熱管地球モデルは,プレートプレート前構造を理解するための一貫した地力学的枠組みを提供します.
- このモデルは,初期の火山の支配から現代のプレート構造への移行を説明しています.
- これは,初期の地球の石層動力学と熱伝送に関する統一された説明を提供します.


