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Lineage Commitment01:21

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Determination01:51

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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
A zygote is a...
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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Cell size is a significant factor impacting cellular design, function, and fitness. There exists some internal coordination by which cells double their masses before division, thus, achieving homeostasis. Coordination between cell growth and proliferation depends on the checkpoints in between cell cycle phases. Loss of coordination or failure in the checkpoint mechanism can drive the cell to uncontrolled growth and loss of cellular function. Like dividing cells that coordinate cellular growth,...
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細胞ファートの意思決定における記憶とモジュラリティ

Thomas M Norman1, Nathan D Lord1, Johan Paulsson1

  • 1Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.

Nature
|November 22, 2013
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まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

バチルス・サブティリスの細胞は,多細胞連鎖の中で自律的に時間を制御しますが,単一の状態ではありません. このタイミングメカニズムは,外部信号とは異なる協調された多細胞発達を可能にします.

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科学分野:

  • 微生物学 微生物学とは
  • 細胞生物学 細胞生物学
  • システム生物学 システム生物学

背景:

  • 遺伝的に同一の細胞は,起源がしばしば不明確で,多様な現象型を示すことができます.
  • 細胞の変異は,ストキャスティシティ,外部のシグナル,または自律的なプログラムから生じる可能性があります.

研究 の 目的:

  • Bacillus subtilis.の単離状態と連鎖状態の間の意思決定プロセスを調査する.
  • 細胞の多細胞性を支配する規制機構とタイミング制御を理解する.

主な方法:

  • 数百世代に渡って何千ものバチルス・サブティリス細胞の長期観察.
  • 細胞状態の移行を制御する3つのタンパク質の調節回路の分析.
  • チェーン化の開始と維持の間の遺伝的分離性の解剖.

主要な成果:

  • バチルス・サブティリスの孤独で動く状態は,自律的な時間制御がない"記憶力のない"状態です.
  • 鎖状の静止状態は,厳密に制御されたタイミングを示し,細胞の協調を促進します.
  • チェーンリングのための規制回路は,分離可能な開始および保守機能を持つモジュール型です.

結論:

  • 自律的なタイミングにより,バチルス・サブティリスは多細胞状態にコミットすることができます.
  • この内部的なタイミングメカニズムは,多細胞発達の"試行期間"を提供します.
  • 外部信号は,この自律的に開始された多細胞相を延長し,潜在的にバイオフィルム形成につながる可能性があります.