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From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

20.7K
The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
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Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

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General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...
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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
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Identifying Amino Acid Overproducers Using Rare-Codon-Rich Markers
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エクソニック転写因子結合はコドン選択を指示し,タンパク質の進化に影響を与えます.

Andrew B Stergachis1, Eric Haugen, Anthony Shafer

  • 1Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|December 17, 2013
PubMed
まとめ

人間のコードンの約15%は"デュオン"で,アミノ酸を特定し,遺伝子転写を調節する二重の役割を担っています. この二重コーディングは,ゲノム進化とコドン使用バイアスに深刻に影響を与えます.

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科学分野:

  • ゲノミクスゲノミクスとは
  • 分子生物学は分子生物学である.
  • バイオインフォマティックス

背景:

  • ゲノムは,アミノ酸配列と,転写因子 (TF) の結合部位のような規制要素の両方をコードする.
  • この2つのコードの相互作用を理解することは,ゲノム機能と進化の解読に不可欠です.

研究 の 目的:

  • アミノ酸とTF認識配列の両方をコードする二重用途コドン (デュオン) の有病率と機能的重要性を調査する.
  • タンパク質の進化,コドン使用バイアス,遺伝的多様性に対するデュオンの影響を決定する.

主な方法:

  • ゲノム性デオキシリボヌクレアゼI足跡は,ヒトエクソーム全体で核酸解像度でのTF占有率をマッピングするために使用されました.
  • TF結合に関する包括的な見解を得るために,81種類の多様なヒト細胞の分析が行われました.

主要な成果:

  • 人間のコドンの約15%がデュオンとして機能し,アミノ酸とTF結合部位の両方を特定します.
  • デュオンは高度に保存されており,タンパク質の進化を形作る上で重要な役割を果たし,コドン使用バイアスを引き起こしていることを示唆しています.
  • デュオンの内の単核酸変異の17%以上は,TF結合に直接影響を及ぼし,規制上の重要性を強調しています.
  • 規制コードは,ストップコードンを認識するTFの枯渇を示している.

結論:

  • アミノ酸と規制情報のデュオンの二重コーディングは,ゲノム進化の根本的な特徴である.
  • デュオンに課されるTFによる制約は,コドン使用バイアスに影響を与える主要な要因である.
  • デュオンの理解は,遺伝子調節,タンパク質の進化,遺伝的多様性の影響に関する新しい洞察を提供します.