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$X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples$ 01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...

Determination of Crystal Structures

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...

X-ray Crystallography

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
Fundamental Principles
Accelerated...

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Updated: May 3, 2026

$Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples$

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

Published on: June 19, 2018

高エネルギー表面X線 difrractionは,表面構造の迅速な決定のために使用されます.

J Gustafson¹, M Shipilin, C Zhang

¹Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|February 1, 2014

まとめ

この要約は機械生成です。

高エネルギー表面X線 difrractionは,素早く,in situ表面構造の決定を可能にします. この突破は,触媒などのダイナミックな表面過程のリアルタイム観測を可能にし,材料科学の研究を進めています.

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$High Pressure Single Crystal Diffraction at PX^2$

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Biochemical and Structural Characterization of the Carbohydrate Transport Substrate-binding-protein SP0092

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関連する実験動画

Last Updated: May 3, 2026

$Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples$

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

Published on: June 19, 2018

$High Pressure Single Crystal Diffraction at PX^2$

High Pressure Single Crystal Diffraction at PX^2

Published on: January 16, 2017

Biochemical and Structural Characterization of the Carbohydrate Transport Substrate-binding-protein SP0092

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科学分野:

材料科学材料科学とは
表面科学とは,地表科学である.
ケミストリー化学

背景:

表面相互作用を理解することは,触媒,腐食,および電子工学にとって不可欠です.
現在の特徴付け方法は,ダイナミックな表面プロセス研究のためのスピードが不足しています.
反応中の表面のリアルタイム構造分析は大きな課題です.

研究の目的:

表面構造を in situ でより迅速に決定する方法を開発する.
関連する時間スケールにおけるダイナミックな表面プロセスの研究を可能にする.
高エネルギー表面X線 difraktionの能力を実証するために.

主な方法:

高エネルギーX線 (85キロエレクトロンボルト) を利用してX線 difrakcion.
データの取得速度を向上させるための新しいX線 difraktion 技術を開発した.
触媒処理中にパラジウム表面で in situ の実験を行った.

主要な成果:

達成されたデータ取得のスピードは,従来の方法よりも数桁速い.
サブ秒時間スケールでの表面の構造的決定を可能にしました.
リアルタイムで一酸化炭素酸化中のパラジウム表面のダイナミックな再構成を観察した.

結論:

高エネルギー表面X線 difraktionは,in situ表面分析のための強力なツールです.
この方法は,ダイナミックな表面現象の研究において前例のない時間解像度を可能にします.
この技術は,材料科学の研究,特に触媒と表面動力学の新しい道を開きます.