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関連する概念動画

The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

40.1K
Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Limits to Natural Selection01:38

Limits to Natural Selection

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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
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Speciation Rates01:07

Speciation Rates

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Overview
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Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
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Quantifying Abdominal Pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster
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メラノソームの進化は,羽毛のある恐竜の中で重要な生理学的シフトを示しています.

Quanguo Li1, Julia A Clarke2, Ke-Qin Gao3

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China.

Nature
|February 14, 2014
PubMed
まとめ

メラノソームの多様性は,マニラプトラ恐竜と哺乳類のピンナート羽で増加し,形と色を結びました. これは,爬虫類や初期の恐竜の覆いと対照的に,色彩の発達における収束進化を示唆しています.

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科学分野:

  • パレオントロジー・パレオントロジー
  • 進化生物学の進化生物学について
  • バイオミネラライゼーション

背景:

  • 絶滅した動物の色の推論は,現代の鳥のメラノソーム形態学に依存しています.
  • 羽毛や髪の毛のような体構造とともに,メラノソームの多様性の進化史は不明である.

研究 の 目的:

  • メラノソームの形態の進化と,その色との関係について,アンニオトス全体で研究する.
  • メラノソームの多様性が,羽根やその他の体構造の起源に比べて増加した時期を決定する.

主な方法:

  • メラノソームを分析したものは,現存するアミノート種181種,化石標本13種 (,カメ,恐竜,ペテロサウル) であった.
  • 中国のジュラ紀上期と白亜紀下期の化石を調査した.
  • 関連メラノソームの形態は,現存する分類から得られた色データと相関しています.

主要な成果:

  • メラノソームの形態学的多様性の急激な増加は,マニラプトラ恐竜のピネート羽根の起源の近くに発生しました.
  • また,哺乳類は,エクトサーミック・アンニオットよりもメラノソームの多様性が大きい.
  • メラノソームの形は,哺乳類やマニラプトラ恐竜の色と相関し,潜在的な色彩の再構築を可能にします.
  • ,カメ,ワニ,初期のアーコサウルスの有糸覆い (恐竜の原羽,ペテロサウルスのピクノファイバー) の限られたメラノソームの多様性は,色との相関関係を示さない.

結論:

  • 哺乳類と鳥類のメラノコルチン系における収束進化は,結合されたメラノソームの形と色を説明する可能性がある.
  • このシステムは,色と代謝率の両方に影響を及ぼし,マニラプトラ恐竜の生理学的変化を示唆する可能性がある.
  • 色彩の再構築は,派生マニラプトラ恐竜と哺乳類では実現可能ですが,初期のアーコサウルスの整体には実現できません.