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The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

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In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female...
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Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
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Dosage Compensation02:50

Dosage Compensation

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In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
In addition to sexual development, the X chromosome has genes involved in autosomal functions such as brain development and the immune system. Therefore, males and females with  distinct numbers of X chromosomes will...
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Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

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Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...
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Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element CRE Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster
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ダブルセックスは,真似のスーパー遺伝子です.

K Kunte1, W Zhang2, A Tenger-Trolander3

  • 11] National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560065, India [2].

Nature
|March 7, 2014
PubMed
まとめ

単一の遺伝子であるダブルセックスは,スワローテイル蝶の性限定ミミクリを制御し,スーパーゲンのクラスター仮説に異議を唱える. この発見は,一つの遺伝子が,ミミクリのために翼のパターンを切り替える方法を説明しています.

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Assessing Differences in Sperm Competitive Ability in Drosophila
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科学分野:

  • 進化生物学の進化生物学について
  • 遺伝学 遺伝学とは
  • エントモロジー エントモロジー学

背景:

  • 蝶,特にパピリオの性限定模倣は,有毒なモデルを模倣するメスを含む.
  • この模倣は,しばしば"スーパー遺伝子"によって制御される女性の多形翼パターンと関連付けられています.
  • 模倣スーパーゲンの機能的性質は,経験的にほとんど特徴づけられていないままです.

研究 の 目的:

  • パピリオポリテスのミミクリ・スーパーゲンの遺伝的基礎を特定する.
  • 性限定ミミクリ制御の基礎となる機能的メカニズムを調査する.
  • 超遺伝子が単一の遺伝子であり,密接に結びついている場所であるという仮説を検証する.

主な方法:

  • 遺伝子マッピング,アソシエーションマッピング,シーケンシングを組み合わせた統合的アプローチ.
  • トランスクリプトームとゲノムシーケンシングが採用されました.
  • 遺伝子発現分析とDNA配列の変異を分析した.

主要な成果:

  • 単一の遺伝子であるダブルセックス (dsx) が,Papilio polytes.のミミクリスーパーゲンのコントローラーとして特定されました.
  • これは,超遺伝子が密かに結びついている場所のクラスターであるという支配的な見解と対照的です.
  • アイソフォームの発現の違いと潜在的にタンパク質配列の進化は,ミミクリ現象型変異に寄与する.

結論:

  • ダブルセックスの遺伝子は,ミミクリ・スーパーゲンの役割を果たし,パピリオ・ポリテの翼全体のパターンを制御する.
  • これは,単一の遺伝子が複雑なミミクリフェノタイプを媒介することができ,従来のスーパー遺伝子概念に挑戦することを示しています.
  • この発見は,異なるスーパーゲン仮説を統合し,複数のリンクされた変異を持つ単一の遺伝子が,ミミクリ進化を駆動できることを示唆しています.