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関連する概念動画

Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

16.6K
Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
16.6K
Reactions of α-Halocarbonyl Compounds: Nucleophilic Substitution01:17

Reactions of α-Halocarbonyl Compounds: Nucleophilic Substitution

2.1K
Nucleophilic substitution in α-halocarbonyl compounds can be achieved via an SN2 pathway. The reaction in α-haloketones is generally carried out with less basic nucleophiles. The use of strong basic nucleophiles leads to the generation of α-haloenolate ions, which often participate in other side reactions.
2.1K
Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation02:38

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

7.3K
Introduction
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.
7.3K
Multiple Halogenation of Methyl Ketones: Haloform Reaction01:28

Multiple Halogenation of Methyl Ketones: Haloform Reaction

2.2K
A method involving the transformation of methyl ketones to carboxylic acids using excess base and halogen is called the haloform reaction. It begins with the deprotonation of α hydrogen to form an enolate ion which reacts with the electrophilic halogen to give an α-halo ketone. The step continues until all the α protons are substituted to form a trihalomethyl ketone. The resulting molecule is unstable, and in the presence of a hydroxide base, it readily undergoes nucleophilic...
2.2K
Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions to Alkenes: Markovnikov's Rule02:17

Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions to Alkenes: Markovnikov's Rule

14.0K
If a set of reactants can yield multiple constitutional isomers, but one of the isomers is obtained as the major product, the reaction is said to be regioselective. In such reactions, bond formation or breaking is favored at one reaction site over others.
The hydrohalogenation of an unsymmetrical alkene can yield two haloalkane products, depending on which vinylic carbon takes up the halogen. However, one product usually predominates, where hydrogen adds to the vinylic carbon bearing the...
14.0K
Radical Halogenation: Thermodynamics01:34

Radical Halogenation: Thermodynamics

3.4K
The thermodynamic favorability of a reaction is determined by the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG). ΔG has two components- enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS). The entropy component is negligible for alkane halogenation because the number of reactants and product molecules are equal. In this case, the ΔG is governed only by the enthalpy component. The most crucial factor that determines ΔH is the strength of the bonds. ΔH can be determined by comparing the energy...
3.4K

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関連する実験動画

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

71.2K

ハロ機能化反応を導くための新しいツール:ハレニウム親和度 (HalA) スケール.

Kumar Dilip Ashtekar1, Nastaran Salehi Marzijarani, Arvind Jaganathan

  • 1Engineering and Process Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company , Midland, Michigan 48674, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|August 26, 2014
PubMed
まとめ

私たちは,反応選択性を予測するために,ハレニウムイオン親和度を測定する新しいスケールであるHalAを導入します. このツールは結合強度を定量化し,新しい化学反応の発見に役立ちます.

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A Protocol for Safe Lithiation Reactions Using Organolithium Reagents

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Discovering Protein Interactions and Characterizing Protein Function Using HaloTag Technology
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Discovering Protein Interactions and Characterizing Protein Function Using HaloTag Technology

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関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Apr 25, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

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A Protocol for Safe Lithiation Reactions Using Organolithium Reagents
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A Protocol for Safe Lithiation Reactions Using Organolithium Reagents

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Discovering Protein Interactions and Characterizing Protein Function Using HaloTag Technology
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科学分野:

  • 有機化学 オーガニック・ケミストリー
  • コンピューティング・ケミストリー

背景:

  • 複数の核好性サイトを持つ反応における化学選択性を予測することは困難です.
  • 既存の方法は,多くの場合,質的化学的直感に依存しており,複雑なシステムでは不十分である可能性があります.

研究 の 目的:

  • ハレニウムイオンに対する機能的グループ結合強度を評価するための新しい定量的記述子,ハレニウム親和度 (HalA) を導入する.
  • ハロ機能化反応における化学選択性の予測ツールを開発する.

主な方法:

  • 潜在的なハレニウムイオン受容体をランク付けするためのHalAスケールの開発.
  • アルケーン,アミン,アミド,カルボニル,エーテルを含む様々なルイス基の分類,HalAスケール.
  • 電子,ステリック,アンチメリック,ステレオエレクトロニック効果を本質的に考慮するために,HalA計算を使用します.

主要な成果:

  • HalAスケールは,異なる機能群によるハレニウムイオン安定化の定量的な尺度を提供します.
  • アルケーン,アミン,アミド,カルボニル,エーサーの分類が成功しています.
  • HalA計算は,従来の化学的直感を超えた定量的な評価を提供します.

結論:

  • HalAスケールは,複雑な反応システムにおける化学選択性の迅速かつ直接的な予測を可能にします.
  • この理論的実験的アプローチは,新しい化学反応の予測と識別を容易にする.
  • HalAは,ハロ機能化の反応性を理解し制御するための貴重なツールとして機能します.