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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.9K
The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
2.9K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.7K
Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
2.7K
Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

8.3K
The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
8.3K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

1.7K
The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
1.7K
Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

1.6K
Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a...
1.6K
Radical Formation: Addition00:47

Radical Formation: Addition

1.6K
Radicals can be formed by adding a radical to a spin-paired molecule. This is typically observed with unsaturated species, where the addition of a radical across the π bond leads to the production of a new radical by dissolving the π bond. For example, the addition of a Br radical to an alkene yields a carbon-centered radical.
Similar to charge conservation in chemical reactions, spin conservation is implicit for radical reactions. Accordingly, the product formed must possess an...
1.6K

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関連する実験動画

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
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Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

Published on: April 22, 2016

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メタルフリー原子移転ラジカルポリメリゼーションのポリメリゼーションです.

Nicolas J Treat1, Hazel Sprafke, John W Kramer

  • 1Materials Department, Materials Research Laboratory, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|November 1, 2014
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

この研究では,軽量および有機フォトレドックス触媒を用いた無金属原子移転ラジカルポリメリゼーション (ATRP) 方法が紹介されています. このアプローチは,ポリマーの特性に対する優れた制御を提供し,汎用的なブロックコポリマー合成を可能にします.

さらに関連する動画

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization
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Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization

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3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization
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3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization

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関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
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Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

Published on: April 22, 2016

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Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization
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Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization

Published on: November 27, 2015

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3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization
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3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization

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科学分野:

  • ポリマー化学のポリマー化学について
  • オーガニック・カタリシス (有機触媒)
  • フォトケミストリー フォトケミストリー

背景:

  • 伝統的な原子移転ラジカルポリメリゼーション (ATRP) 方法は,しばしば金属汚染に苦しんでいます.
  • 金属のないポリメリゼーション技術の開発は,高純度を必要とするアプリケーションにとって非常に重要です.

研究 の 目的:

  • 光と有機フォトレドックス触媒を用いた新しい金属フリーATRPプロセスを報告する.
  • ポリマーの分子量,ポリ分散性,鎖末端の効率的な制御を実証する.
  • ブロックコポリマーの簡単な合成と,他の制御されたラジカルプロセスとの統合を展示する.

主な方法:

  • ポリメリゼーションを媒介するために可視光を使用します.
  • 有機基のフォトレドックス触媒を用いて,活性化・無活性化サイクルを行う.
  • ビニルモノメアのポリメリゼーションの研究.

主要な成果:

  • 優れた制御でビニルモノメアの効率的なポリメリゼーションを達成しました.
  • 分子重量,多分散性,鎖末端の精密な制御が実証されています.
  • 構造的多用途性が高いブロックコポリマーの直接合成を容易にした.

結論:

  • 開発された金属フリーATRPシステムは,金属汚染の問題を克服します.
  • オーガニックフォトレドックス触媒は,制御された急性ポリメリゼーションのための汎用的なプラットフォームを提供します.
  • この方法論は,高度なポリマー合成と小分子化学の有望性を示しています.