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Sound Waves: Interference00:53

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Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
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When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.
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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
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Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
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Eddy currents can produce significant drag on motion, called magnetic damping. For instance, when a metallic pendulum bob swings between the poles of a strong magnet, significant drag acts on the bob as it enters and leaves the field, quickly damping the motion.
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コウモリはコウモリを妨害する:ソナー干渉による食糧競争.

Aaron J Corcoran1, William E Conner2

  • 1Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, 030 Winston Hall, Winston Salem, NC 27106, USA. Department of Biology, University of Maryland, Biology-Psychology Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA. aaron.j.corcoran@gmail.com.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|November 8, 2014
PubMed
まとめ

蝙蝠は,食物闘争中に競合他社を妨害するために,呼び出しを妨害します. これらの妨害信号,特に超音波の呼び出しは,エコーロケーションを妨害し,他のコウモリが昆虫の餌食を逃し,活発な感知障害を示します.

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科学分野:

  • 動物の行動 動物の行動
  • バイオアコースティクス バイオアコースティクス
  • センサリーエコロジー センサリーエコロジー

背景:

  • コウモリのような活発な感知動物は,干渉に脆弱な通信信号を使用します.
  • 多くの種は,自己干渉を避けるために信号周波数を変化させます.
  • 異種間の競争は,破壊的なコミュニケーション戦略を伴う可能性があります.

研究 の 目的:

  • エコーロケーションするコウモリが,食物競争中に同種のコウモリに適応的にジャムをかけているかどうかを調査する.
  • 妨害信号が,コウモリにおける獲物の捕獲を妨害するかどうかを判断する.

主な方法:

  • 飛行経路の3D再構築と,メキシコのフリーテイルコウモリ (Tadarida brasiliensis) が餌を獲っている音声・映像を活用した.
  • 採食相互作用中に放出された超音波信号を分析した.
  • 妨害した通話と制御音を用いた再生実験を行った.

主要な成果:

  • コウモリは相互作用中に妨害信号を発し,同種のエコーロケーションに干渉した.
  • 妨害電話の再生は制御音ではなく,コウモリが昆虫の標的を逃す原因となった.
  • 種内食品競争中に適応的なジャミング行動を示す.

結論:

  • エコーロケーションするコウモリは,食糧競争中に同種の生物を積極的に妨害します.
  • この行動は,感覚の混乱を介した種の内競争の新たな形態を表しています.
  • 適応的干渉は,収穫の成功に影響を及ぼし,コミュニケーション信号に対する進化的圧力を強調します.