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Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Applying Advanced In Vitro Culturing Technology to Study the Human Gut Microbiota
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人間の遺伝学が腸内微生物群を形作っている.

Julia K Goodrich1, Jillian L Waters1, Angela C Poole1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.

Cell
|November 24, 2014
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

ホストの遺伝子は,腸内微生物群を大きく形作り,その組成に影響を与え,ホストの代謝に影響を与えます. クリステンセンレラセイ (Christensenellaceae) のような特定のバクテリアは遺伝性であり,低体量指数 (BMI) と関連しています.

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Analysis of Interactions between Endobiotics and Human Gut Microbiota Using In Vitro Bath Fermentation Systems
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科学分野:

  • マイクロバイオームの研究
  • ホスト-マイクロバイオームの相互作用
  • 遺伝学と代謝について

背景:

  • ホストの遺伝子と腸内微生物群は,代謝現象型に影響することが知られている.
  • ホストの遺伝子,腸内微生物の組成,宿主の現象型との相互作用は,まだ完全に理解されていません.

研究 の 目的:

  • ホストの遺伝的多様性が腸内微生物群を形作るか否かを調査する.
  • ホストの代謝に影響を与えるホストの遺伝子と腸内微生物の相互作用を探求する.

主な方法:

  • TwinsUK集団から1,000以上の糞便サンプルを分析した.
  • 遺伝性微生物の分類と,その共生ネットワークの識別.
  • 特定の細菌 (Christensenella minuta) を細菌のないマウスに移植する.

主要な成果:

  • 数多くの微生物種の多様性は宿主遺伝子の影響を受けていることが判明しました.
  • 最も遺伝性の高い分類体であるクリステンセンレラセイ族は,他の遺伝性の高い細菌や古生物との共生を示した.
  • 低ボディマス指数 (BMI) を有する個体において,クリストンセンレラセア (Christensenellaceae) の濃縮が観察されました.
  • マウスにC.minutaを移植すると,体重増加が減少し,腸内微生物群が変化した.

結論:

  • ホストの遺伝子は,ヒトの腸内微生物群の組成を決定する上で重要な役割を果たします.
  • マイクロバイオームに対する遺伝的影響は,ボディマス指数などの宿主の代謝特性に影響を及ぼします.