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Nuclear Transmutation03:20

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. The number of disintegrations per unit time is called the activity (A), which is directly proportional to the number of nuclei in the sample. The decay constant (λ) is an average probability of decay per nucleus in unit time.
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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Separation of Uranium and Thorium for 230Th-U Dating of Submarine Hydrothermal Sulfides
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陸上のウラン同位体サイクル

Morten B Andersen1, Tim Elliott2, Heye Freymuth2

  • 11] Bristol Isotope Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK [2] Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.

Nature
|January 17, 2015
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

酸素化された海洋によって変化した地球表面からのリサイクルウランは,明確な同位体シグネチャーを持っています. このウランは上層マントルを汚染し,海中の玄武岩に影響するが,海洋島の玄武岩には影響しない.

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科学分野:

  • 地質化学 地質化学
  • イソトープ地球化学 イソトープ地球化学
  • 地球科学 地球科学 地球科学

背景:

  • 地球の表面の条件は,その内部の組成に大きく影響を与えます.
  • ウランの分布は,初期の地球の歴史とマントルの過程についての洞察を提供します.
  • 大気中の酸素の上昇は,ウランの移動性と輸送に影響を与えた.

研究 の 目的:

  • 世界的なウラン循環の同位体特性を調査する.
  • マントルの組成に潜水ウランの影響を理解するために.
  • ウランイソトープを用いてマントルの源を区別する.

主な方法:

  • ウランの同位体組成の分析 ((238) U/ ((235) U比).
  • 海洋中部の玄武岩 (MORBs) と海洋島の玄武岩 (OIBs) の調査.
  • 同位体データとOIBの既存のリードモデルの年齢を比較.

主要な成果:

  • サブダクトウランは,海洋の酸化変化による高238U/235U比を示している.
  • MORBは238U/235Uの比率が高く,上層マントルがリサイクルウランで汚染されていることを示している.
  • OIBは,地球の大部分と比較して明確なウラン同位体組成を示さないため,より古いマントルの源を示唆しています.

結論:

  • リサイクルされたウランは,過去6億年以内に上層マントルの測定可能な変化をもたらしました.
  • OIBにおけるウラン同位体体系学は,24億年から18億年前のマントルの貯水池形成を支えている.
  • リサイクルウランの独特の同位体シグネチャーは,地球地球化学サイクルにおけるその重要な役割を強調しています.