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関連する概念動画

Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:16

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

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The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi...
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Evolutionary Psychology01:20

Evolutionary Psychology

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Evolutionary psychology explores the origins of human behavior and mental processes by framing them within the context of natural selection, a theory famously propounded by Charles Darwin. This field asserts that many behaviors common across human societies — ranging from instinctive fear reactions to complex social interactions — arose as evolutionary adaptations. These adaptations enhanced the survival and reproductive success of our ancestors, thereby becoming embedded in the...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Behavioral Assessment of Manual Dexterity in Non-Human Primates
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人間の進化. 人間の進化. アウストラロピテクス・アフリカヌス (Australopithecus africanus) のヒトのような手を使うこと.

Matthew M Skinner1, Nicholas B Stephens2, Zewdi J Tsegai2

  • 1School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK. Department of Anthropology, University College London, London WC1H 0BW, UK. Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig Germany. Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa. m.skinner@kent.ac.uk t.l.kivell@kent.ac.uk.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|January 24, 2015
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

Australopithecus africanusのような初期のホミニンにおける人間のような手の骨構造は,これまで考えられていたよりもずっと早く道具の使用が起こったことを示唆しています. この発見は,人間の手の進化と操作能力における重要な進化的移行に光を当てています.

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科学分野:

  • 古人類学は,古人類学である.
  • 人間の進化 人類の進化
  • 骨格生物学 骨格生物学とは

背景:

  • 強烈な精度とパワースgrippingは,人間の重要な能力です.
  • これらの能力は,樹木登りや工具製造/使用の能力の低下と関連しています.
  • ホミニンの手の使用におけるこれらの進化的移行のタイミングは不明である.

研究 の 目的:

  • ホミニンの手の使用における進化的移行のタイミングを調査する.
  • 道具の使用のための人間のような手の姿勢が,いつ出現したかを決定する.
  • 初期のヒト類の操作能力の形態学的証拠を提供するため.

主な方法:

  • アウストラロピテクス・アフリカヌスとプレイストセンのヒト類のメタカルパルのトラベキュラー骨のパターンの分析.
  • 化石ホミニンの手骨の形状を,道具使用に関連する現代人のパターンと比較.
  • 石器の使用に関する既存の考古学的証拠と形態学的発見の統合.

主要な成果:

  • アウストラロピテコス・アフリカヌス (Australopithecus africanus) と複数のプレイストセンの原始ヒト類は,手足の骨盤にヒトのような状骨のパターンを表している.
  • これらのパターンは,ツール使用の特徴である親指と指の強い対立と一致しています.
  • 発見は,これらのホミニンは,道具の使用のために人間のような手の姿勢に従事していたことを示しています.

結論:

  • オーストラリアロピスを含む初期のヒト類は,道具の使用に適した手骨の形状を有していた.
  • 操作のための人間のような手の姿勢は,伝統的に想定されるより早く,潜在的にプレオセンの時代に進化しました.
  • 形態学的な証拠は, Pliocene hominins の間で,より早く,より頻繁な道具の使用を支持しています.