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関連する概念動画

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:16

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

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The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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人間の進化. 人間の進化. コメント on "オストラロピテクス・アフリカンスのヒトのような手を使う"

Sergio Almécija1, Ian J Wallace2, Stefan Judex3

  • 1Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA. Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, Carrer de les Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain. sergio.almecija@gmail.com.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 6, 2015
PubMed
まとめ

骨格構造の分析によると,Australopithecus africanusは300万年前に人間のような道具使用の熟練度を持っていたかもしれない. しかし,この発見は,機械操作のスキルが,石器の製造に先行したことを示唆する以前の証拠を否定するものではありません.

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科学分野:

  • 古人類学は,古人類学である.
  • プリマトロジーは,霊長類学です.
  • 骨格生物学 骨格生物学とは

背景:

  • 人間の器用さと道具の使用の進化は,古人類学の研究の重要な分野である.
  • 以前の研究では,初期のホミニンにおける人間のような操作能力の出現のタイムラインが提案されている.
  • 骨格の形態学と行動能力の関係性は,ヒトの進化を理解するために重要である.

研究 の 目的:

  • アウストラロピテクス・アフリカヌスは,石器の製造と使用において人間に似た熟練度を示していたという主張を評価する.
  • メタカルパ・トラベキュラ骨構造の解釈の基礎となる進化的および生物学的仮定を批判的に評価する.
  • 提案された発見が,体系的なツール製造よりも操作スキルの優先性に関する既存の仮説を否定するかどうかを判断する.

主な方法:

  • アウストラロピテクス・アフリカナスの化石におけるメタカルパル・トラベキュラー骨構造の分析.
  • 現存する霊長類とヒトの骨格データとの比較分析.
  • 初期のヒト類の行動に関する既存の化石および考古学的証拠のレビュー.

主要な成果:

  • スキナー et al. スキナーと仲間たち 3百万年前に遡る,骨の構造に基づいた,Australopithecus africanusのヒトのような巧みを示唆した.
  • 研究の進化的および生物学的仮定は,潜在的に誤った情報であることが判明しました.
  • この発見は,人間のような操作能力は,石器の製造が体系的に開始される前に出現したという仮説を成功裏に否定できなかった.

結論:

  • メタカルパ・トラベキュラ骨構造の解釈は,より広範な進化的文脈を慎重に考慮する必要があります.
  • 石器の体系的な生産に先立って,洗練された操作のスキルが存在していた可能性があるという証拠があります.
  • 骨格の証拠と,初期のヒト類の行動に関する考古学的記録を調和させるため,さらなる研究が必要である.