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Phagocytosis00:41

Phagocytosis

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Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”) is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects—such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
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Phagocytosis00:41

Phagocytosis

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Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis ("cellular eating") is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects, such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
The objective of phagocytosis is often destruction. Cells use phagocytosis to eliminate unwelcome visitors, like pathogens (e.g., viruses and bacteria). Many immune system cells,...
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Microbiome of the Eye01:22

Microbiome of the Eye

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The human eye has a specialized microbiota that reflects its unique anatomical and immunological environment. This low-biomass microbial community predominantly colonizes the conjunctiva and eyelid margins, playing a vital role in ocular surface homeostasis and defense. Despite its proximity to the richly colonized facial skin, the ocular surface maintains a distinct microbial profile due to continuous mechanical and biochemical defense mechanisms.The conjunctival surface hosts fewer microbial...
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Pinocytosis00:43

Pinocytosis

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Cells use energy-requiring bulk transport mechanisms to transfer large particles, or large amounts of small particles, into or out of the cell. The cells envelop the particles in spherical membranes called vesicles or vacuoles. Vesicles that transport material into the cell are built from the cell membrane. These vesicles encapsulate external molecules and transport them into the cell in a process called endocytosis.
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Pinocytosis00:38

Pinocytosis

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Cells use energy-requiring bulk transport mechanisms to transfer large particles or large numbers of small particles into or out of the cell. The cells envelop the particles in spherical membranes called vesicles or vacuoles. Vesicles that transport material into the cell are built from the cell membrane. These vesicles encapsulate external molecules and transport them into the cell in a process called endocytosis.
Pinocytosis ("cellular drinking") is one of three main types of...
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Eukaryotic Evolution01:24

Eukaryotic Evolution

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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
Contrary to the endosymbiont theory, the eukaryote-first hypothesis proposes that the simpler prokaryotic and...
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Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Subdomains in Cultured Cells
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目のようなオセロイドは,異なるエンドシンビオティックに取得された成分から構築されています.

Gregory S Gavelis1, Shiho Hayakawa2, Richard A White3

  • 1Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.

Nature
|July 2, 2015
PubMed
まとめ

ディノフラゲラトの目,またはオセロイドは,既存のミトコンドリアとプラスチドから構築された複雑な構造であり,多細胞性と高度な生物学的特徴の間のリンクに挑戦しています. この研究は,これらの単細胞の臓器細胞が,複雑な視覚システムを形成する方法を明らかにしています.

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科学分野:

  • 細胞生物学 細胞生物学
  • 進化生物学の進化生物学について
  • 微生物学 微生物学とは

背景:

  • 多細胞性は通常,動物の目のような複雑な構造と関連付けられています.
  • 単細胞のユーカリ生物であるダイノフラゲラットは,目のような有機体である"オセロイド"を持っています.
  • オセロイドの起源と機能は,これらの生物を研究する際の課題のために,まだ十分に理解されていません.

研究 の 目的:

  • ダイノフラゲラトオセロイドの構造組成と進化的起源を解明する.
  • 細胞下臓器細胞が単細胞生物で複雑な視覚構造を形成する方法を調査する.

主な方法:

  • 電子顕微鏡とトモグラフィーは,オセロイドの超構造を視覚化します.
  • 単細胞ゲノミクスと単細胞ゲノミクスを用いて,遺伝子成分を分析する.
  • 臓器細胞の起源と機能の比較分析.

主要な成果:

  • オセロイドは,既存の臓器細胞から組み立てられたキメリックな構造です.
  • 角膜のような層はミトコンドリアによって形成されます.
  • 網膜体は,古代の赤い藻のエンドシンビオシスから生じた,アナストモス化するプラスティドで構成されています.

結論:

  • オセロイドは,既存の臓器細胞を組み立てることで,単細胞生物で複雑な解剖学的構造が生じる可能性があることを示しています.
  • ミトコンドリアやプラスチドのような臓器細胞は,代謝の役割を超えた構造的複雑性の構成要素として機能することができます.
  • これは,多細胞性は複雑な生物学的特徴の厳格な前提条件であるという概念に異議を唱える.