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The Phase Rule01:20

The Phase Rule

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The phase rule describes the relationship between the variance (degrees of freedom), the number of components, and the number of phases in a system at equilibrium.Variance is a concept that denotes the number of independent intensive properties (properties are those that do not depend on the amount of material in the system), such as temperature, pressure, and composition, that can be altered without impacting the number of phases in equilibrium.In a single-component system, such as pure water,...
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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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Solubility equilibria are established when the dissolution and precipitation of a solute species occur at equal rates. These equilibria underlie many natural and technological processes, ranging from tooth decay to water purification. An understanding of the factors affecting compound solubility is, therefore, essential to the effective management of these processes. This section applies previously introduced equilibrium concepts and tools to systems involving dissolution and precipitation.
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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
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Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of ChalcogenidoplumbatesII or IV
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新しいフェーズを安定させるパラメータとしてのサイズ:Pb (m) Sb (n) Se (m+3n) の岩塩フェーズ

Ronald B Soriano1, Jinsong Wu1, Mercouri G Kanatzidis1

  • 1†Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Material Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|July 17, 2015
PubMed
まとめ

新しい鉛-アンチモニー-セレニド (Pb-Sb-Se) ナノ結晶は,立方NaCl型の構造を持つユニークなナノスケールフェーズを形成します. これらの新しい材料は 調節可能な中赤外線帯の隙間を示し 室温で固体溶液を形成します

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科学分野:

  • 材料科学
  • ナノテクノロジー
  • 固体化学

背景:

  • ナノクリスタルは サイズによって 独特の特性を持っています
  • 三次カルコゲニドは,光電子アプリケーションに興味があります.
  • ナノスケールの相形成を制御することは 材料の特性にとって極めて重要です

研究 の 目的:

  • 新しいPb-Sb-Seナノ結晶を合成し,特徴づけること.
  • これらの新しい材料の構造と電子性質を調査する.
  • 固体溶液と相安定性を探求する.

主な方法:

  • Pb (m) Sb (n) Se (m+3n) ナノ結晶の合成 (m=2,4,6,8;n=1)
  • スキャニング伝送電子顕微鏡/エネルギー分散型X線光譜 (STEM/EDX) を使用した構造分析.
  • 誘導結合プラズマ-原子放射光譜法 (ICP-AES) によって決定された元素組成.

主要な成果:

  • 立方体NaCl型構造を持つPb (m) Sb (n) Se (m+3n) の異なるナノスケール相が実証されている.
  • ナノ結晶の集積物における好ましい方向性を観察した.
  • 中部IR帯の隙間を持つ中等単分散ナノ結晶を特徴としています.
  • 調節可能な格子パラメータで,室温で均質な固体溶液の振る舞いを確認しました.
  • 400 °CでPbSeとSb2Se3に分離される.

結論:

  • 新しいPb-Sb-Se三重ナノ結晶の合成に成功しました
  • これらの材料はナノスケールに特異な相性を持つ新しい化合物を表しています
  • 調節可能な帯域のギャップと固体溶液の性質は,中部IR光電子における潜在的な応用を示唆する.