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Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing Stresses01:20

Elastic Strain Energy for Shearing Stresses

556
As discussed in previous lessons, strain energy in a material is the energy stored when it is elastically deformed, a concept crucial in materials science and mechanical engineering. This energy results from the internal work done against the cohesive forces within the material. When a material undergoes shearing stress and corresponding shearing strain, the strain energy density, which is the energy stored per unit volume, is calculated. Within the elastic limit, where the stress is...
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Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions01:28

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

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An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
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Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

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In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
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Unsoundness of Aggregate due to Volume Change01:26

Unsoundness of Aggregate due to Volume Change

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Unsoundness in aggregates due to volume changes is primarily caused by the physical alterations aggregates undergo, such as freezing and thawing, thermal changes, and wetting and drying. Unsound aggregates, when subjected to these changes, result in volume change upon disintegration. This, in turn, contributes to the deterioration of concrete, including scaling, pop-outs, and cracking. Particular types of aggregates, such as porous flints, cherts, and those containing clay minerals, are...
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Travelling Waves01:04

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A wave is a disturbance that propagates from its source, repeating itself periodically, and is typically associated with simple harmonic motion. Mechanical waves are governed by Newton's laws and require a medium to travel. A medium is a substance in which a mechanical wave propagates, and the medium produces an elastic restoring force when it is deformed.
Water waves, sound waves, and seismic waves are some examples of mechanical waves. For water waves, the wave propagation medium is...
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Interference and Superposition of Waves01:07

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When two waves of the same nature occur in the same region simultaneously, they result in interference. Interference of waves implies that the net effect of the waves is the sum of the individual waves' effects. However, it does not imply that the individual waves affect the propagation of other waves.
Interference occurs in mechanical waves, such as sound waves, waves on a string, and surface water waves. Mechanical waves correspond to the physical displacement of particles. Hence,...
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The Role of Fabric in Frictional Properties of Phyllosilicate-Rich Tectonic Faults
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上層マントルの流れの変化による西米山間地震性

Thorsten W Becker1, Anthony R Lowry2, Claudio Faccenna3

  • 1Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0740, USA.

Nature
|August 28, 2015
PubMed
まとめ

地殻の流れは重力エネルギーではなく プレート内の地震の主な原因です 改善されたモデルは 地震性をマントルの流れの変化に結びつけ 大陸の内部における地震の危険性に関する理解を深めています

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科学分野:

  • 固体地球地質学
  • テクトノフィジック
  • 地震学

背景:

  • プレート内での地震は プレート構造理論に課題を投げかけます
  • 米国西部の地震は"山間"帯に集中し,岩層構造の傾きと一致しています.
  • これらのゾーンにおける地震性の局所化の正確な原因は十分に理解されていません.

研究 の 目的:

  • マントルの流れの動態とプラーク内地震性の関係を調査する.
  • プレート内での大陸変形と地震性の主要な要因を特定する.
  • 構造的に活発な大陸地域における地震リスクの評価のための予測モデルを改善する.

主な方法:

  • 地力学的プロセスをシミュレートするために改善されたマントルフローモデルを使用した.
  • 地震率とダイナミック・トポグラフィの変化率 (マントルの流れによる垂直正規のストレス) の相関を分析した.
  • マントルフローダイナミクスの予測スキルを他の潜在的なフォースリングと比較した.

主要な成果:

  • 地震性とダイナミックな地形の変化の速度との間に重要な関係が特定されました.
  • マントルの流れのダイナミクスは,他の調査されたフォースメントよりも高い予測能力を示した.
  • 重力潜在エネルギーの変動は地震性においてマイナーな役割を果たしていることが判明した.

結論:

  • 活発なマントルの流れは地震性プラーク内変形に大きく貢献する.
  • 地震性の局所化は,岩層の強さの異質性によって調節される垂直正規のストレスにおけるコンベクティブの変化によって支配される.
  • マントルの流れは,地形学,地質学,およびプレート内地域における地震の危険性に大きく影響する.