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Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
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Sutures of the Skull01:22

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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What is Evolutionary History?02:35

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Scientists record evolutionary history by analyzing fossil, morphological, and genetic data. The fossil record documents the history of life on Earth and provides evidence for evolution. However, both fossil and living organisms offer evidence that outlines Earth’s evolutionary history.
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Convergent Evolution01:54

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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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The Evidence for Evolution02:55

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Assessing Species-specific Contributions To Craniofacial Development Using Quail-duck Chimeras
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カメ の 頭蓋骨 の 進化 的 な 起源

G S Bever1,2,3, Tyler R Lyson3,4, Daniel J Field5

  • 1Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York 11568, USA.

Nature
|September 3, 2015
PubMed
まとめ

エウノトサウルス・アフリカンスの化石の分析は 重要な移行期の爬虫類であることを示し カメの進化を 4千万年延ばし 陸上の起源を示唆しています この発見は 早期の亀の進化における ダイアプシドから アナプシドの頭蓋骨の変容を明らかにしています

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科学分野:

  • 古生物学
  • 進化生物学
  • 比較解剖学

背景:

  • カメの進化的起源とダイアプシドからアナプシドの頭蓋骨への移行は,まだよくわかっていない.
  • ゲノムデータによると カメはダイアプシドの爬虫類から進化したが この頭蓋骨の変異の化石の証拠は稀である.
  • Eunotosaurus africanusは カメのような特徴を持つ後頭蓋骨を持っていますが,カメの祖先に対する頭蓋骨の証拠は以前から議論されていました.

研究 の 目的:

  • 先進的なイメージング技術を使って Eunotosaurus africanus の頭蓋骨の解剖を調査する
  • エウノトサウルス・アフリカンスの 系統的位置と カメの進化への影響を 決定する
  • カメの進化の初期に起きた 頭蓋骨の変異に関する仮説を検証する.

主な方法:

  • Eunotosaurus africanusの頭蓋骨の高解像度コンピュータトモグラフィー (CT) スキャン
  • 系統的再構築のための新しい特徴/分類マトリックスの構築と分析.
  • 現存する爬虫類と化石爬虫類との頭蓋骨と頭蓋骨後の特徴の比較分析

主要な成果:

  • 系統遺伝学的な分析は 初期の幹のカメとして Eunotosaurus africanus の頭蓋骨を強く支持しています
  • この配置はカメの幹の系統を 約4000万年延長し 陸上の起源を示唆しています
  • ユーノトサウルスは二次アナプシド状態を示し,ダイアプシドの祖先からの移行状態を示しています.

結論:

  • エウノトサウルス・アフリカンスは 重要な移行期化石で 亀の起源に関する 重要な頭蓋骨の証拠を提示しています
  • この研究は,カメの幹の系統に沿った窓の閉鎖に関する詳細な仮説を提供します.
  • これらの発見は,爬虫類内の体系的な関係を解明し,より広範な胎児の進化研究に役立つ.