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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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複製フォークを停止したガイドレトロトランスポゾン統合

Jake Z Jacobs1, Jesus D Rosado-Lugo1, Susanne Cranz-Mileva1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Nelson A133, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|September 26, 2015
PubMed
まとめ

分裂酵母レトロトランポゾンTf1の挿入は,DNA結合タンパク質Sap1によって導かれます. Sap1は複製フォークのバリアとして機能し,Tf1の統合を特定のゲノム部位に導きます.

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Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
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科学分野:

  • 遺伝学
  • 分子生物学
  • エピジェネティクス

背景:

  • ロング・ターミナル・リピート (LTR) レトロトランポゾンは,宿主ゲノムへの挿入によって複製される移動性遺伝要素である.
  • 菌類のLTRレトロトランスポーソンは,特にコード配列において,変異性挿入を回避するメカニズムを有しているが,標的選択の原則は不明である.

研究 の 目的:

  • 菌のLTRレトロトランスポゾン挿入のためのターゲットサイト選択を導く保存された原則を調査する.
  • 分裂酵母LTR逆転子Tf1の標的化におけるDNA結合タンパク質Sap1の役割を解明する.

主な方法:

  • 遺伝学と分子生物学技術を 核分裂酵母で利用した.
  • Tf1レトロトランポゾンとDNA結合タンパク質 Sap1の相互作用を研究した.
  • Sap1がTf1挿入に関連して複製フォークバリアとしての機能を評価した.

主要な成果:

  • Sap1がTf1のレトロトランポゾン挿入を直接誘導することを示した.
  • 複製フォークバリアとしてのSap1の活動は,Tf1のターゲティング効率と位置に影響を与えることを示した.
  • レトロトランスポゾン統合の新たなメカニズムを特定した.

結論:

  • Sap1とそれが誘発する複製フォークストップは,Tf1統合サイトの重要な決定因子です.
  • このメカニズムは,Tf1統合複合体を特定の標的部位に結合させ,変異性のない挿入を保証します.
  • LTRレトロトランスポゾン標的部位選択の保存原理についての洞察を提供します.