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Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Isothermal Processes01:21

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A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant temperature is called an isothermal process. Heat slowly flows into the system or out of the system to maintain thermal equilibrium. Processes involving phase changes like water evaporation into steam or freezing water into ice at a constant temperature are examples of Isothermal Processes.
An ideal gas can also undergo isothermal expansion or compression.
For example, consider 1 mole of an ideal gas inside an isolated cylinder at initial volume V...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
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A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant volume is called an isochoric process. According to the first law of thermodynamics, heat supplied or removed from the system is partially utilized to perform work and change the internal energy of the system. However, in an isochoric process, the volume remains constant. Hence, the work done by the system is zero. Therefore, the exchange of heat changes the internal energy of the system only. 
Suppose 1000 g of water is heated from 40...
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Entropy Changes Accompanying Specific Processes01:21

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Entropy, a measure of disorder in a system, changes during phase transitions like freezing or boiling. At the transition temperature Ttrs, where two phases are in equilibrium, the phase transition is a reversible process. The entropy change can be calculated from a substance's enthalpy of transition using the equation ΔStrs = ΔtrsH /Ttrs.When a perfect gas expands isothermally from one volume to another, entropy increases logarithmically with volume. Conversely, isothermal compression...
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小氷河期の冷却による熱帯太平洋の動的刺激とENSOの変動

Gerald T Rustic1, Athanasios Koutavas2, Thomas M Marchitto3

  • 1Department of Engineering Science and Physics, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA. Doctoral Program in Earth and Environmental Sciences, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA. grustic@ldeo.columbia.edu.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|December 5, 2015
PubMed
まとめ

ガラパゴス島の堆積物からの古気候記録は,中世の気候異常と小さな氷河期における熱帯太平洋の動態の変化を明らかにしています. ミレニアム半ばのシフトは,エルニーニョ・サザンオシレーションの活動と弱まったグラデーションを示しています.

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科学分野:

  • 古代海洋学
  • 気候科学
  • 海と大気の動態

背景:

  • 過去の熱帯太平洋の動態を理解することは 気候モデリングに不可欠です
  • 中世気候異常期 (MCA) と小氷河期 (LIA) の東方赤道太平洋の古気候データは限られている.

研究 の 目的:

  • 過去の海面温度,エルニーニョ・サザンオシレーション (ENSO) 活動,熱帯太平洋のゾナルグラデーションを再構築する.
  • MCAとLIAの間,海洋-大気循環のシフトを調査する.

主な方法:

  • ガラパゴス諸島からの堆積物分析
  • 海面温度とENSO活動に関する古海洋学プロキシの再構築.

主要な成果:

  • ミレニアムシフト (MMS) は西暦1500年~1650年頃に発生し,濃縮されたENSOと強いゾナルのグラデントから増幅されたENSOと弱いグラデントへと移行した.
  • MMSは,LIAの最も深い冷却と一致し,南向きの熱帯間の収束地帯のシフトによって引き起こされた可能性が高い.
  • MCAピーク (西暦900年−1150年) は,東太平洋の温暖な条件によって特徴づけられ,持続的なラニーニャパターンの概念に挑戦しました.

結論:

  • 東方赤道太平洋は,MCAとLIAの間に海洋-大気循環に大きな変化を経験しました.
  • 気候変動はENSOの活動と 熱帯間の収束地帯の位置の変化と関連しています
  • 過去の気候再構築は,重要な古気候間隔の熱帯太平洋の行動に関する既存のパラダイムに挑戦しています.