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関連する概念動画

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

22
Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
22
Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

5
The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
5
Evolution of Microbial Genome01:08

Evolution of Microbial Genome

2
Microbial genome evolution is a highly dynamic process shaped by continual gene gain and loss across species and strains. This genomic flexibility allows microorganisms to adapt rapidly to environmental pressures and interactions with other organisms. Central to understanding this diversity is the distinction between the core and pan genomes.The core genome comprises the genes shared by all sampled strains of a species, representing essential functions needed for fundamental cellular processes.
2
Introduction to Microbial Ecology01:28

Introduction to Microbial Ecology

5
Microbial ecology examines the complex web of interactions and diversity among microorganisms within various ecosystems. This field seeks to understand how microbial populations adapt to and influence their environments and how these interactions shape broader ecological processes. Microbes are integral to ecosystem function, participating in nutrient cycling, energy flow, and the maintenance of environmental homeostasis.An ecosystem represents a dynamic interaction between living organisms...
5
Evolutionary Processes in Microbes01:26

Evolutionary Processes in Microbes

2
Microbial evolution occurs rapidly due to short generation times and a variety of genetic processes, including horizontal gene transfer, mutation, recombination, and genetic drift. These mechanisms collectively enable microbes to adapt swiftly to changing environments.Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) allows genes to move between different species and occurs through three main mechanisms: conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Conjugation involves direct cell-to-cell contact for DNA...
2
Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

2
The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible...
2

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人間の微生物のダイナミクスの普遍性

Amir Bashan1, Travis E Gibson1, Jonathan Friedman2

  • 1Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.

Nature
|June 10, 2016
PubMed
まとめ

人間の腸と口の微生物は 皮膚のコミュニティとは違って 普遍的な生態学的動態を示しています この発見は 糞便の微生物移植のような 効果的な治療法の開発に 極めて重要です

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科学分野:

  • 微生物群の研究
  • 計算生物学
  • エコロジー

背景:

  • ヒトに関連した微生物のコミュニティは 健康に大きな影響を与えます
  • 糞便の微生物群移植のような 微生物群ベースの治療法は 開発中です
  • 微生物群の組成には個体間の高い変動性がある.

研究 の 目的:

  • ヒトの微生物コミュニティの動態が宿主独立 (普遍的) か宿主特有であるかを判断する.
  • 宿主特異的なダイナミクスの微生物群操作療法への影響を調査する.
  • ヒトの微生物の動態を特徴づけるための計算方法を開発する.

主な方法:

  • 微生物のダイナミクスを分析するための新しい計算方法を開発した.
  • ヒト微生物群プロジェクトと 学生微生物群プロジェクトからの 横断的なメタゲノムデータに適用した.
  • 異なる体部位 (腸,口,皮膚) と疾患状態 (C. difficile感染) での微生物動態の比較

主要な成果:

  • 腸と口の微生物は 普遍的なダイナミクスを表しています
  • 皮膚の微生物群は 宿主環境の違いによって 動態が変化します
  • 普遍的な腸内微生物の動態は,再発したC. difficile感染では存在しないが,便の微生物群移植後に回復した.

結論:

  • 人間の腸と口の微生物の生態系は 普遍的な生態学的動態を示しています
  • 皮膚の微生物コミュニティは宿主特有の要因によってより影響を受けます.
  • これらのダイナミクスを理解することは 効果的で一般化可能な 微生物群の治療法を設計する上で 鍵となるものです