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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
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Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Determining the Ice-binding Planes of Antifreeze Proteins by Fluorescence-based Ice Plane Affinity
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雲 の 氷 の 多形 を 決定 する もの は 何 です か

Arpa Hudait1, Valeria Molinero1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|June 30, 2016
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

大気中の氷の結晶は主に蒸気から六角形の氷を形成し,極端な過飽和状態を除けば,無秩序な氷ではありません. この発見は,雲の氷ポリモルフ形成を明らかにし,大気中のエアロゾール相互作用に意味を持っています.

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科学分野:

  • 大気化学と物理
  • 材料科学
  • コンピュータ化学

背景:

  • 氷の結晶の形成は光の散乱と水蒸気量に影響を与えます
  • 以前の研究では 超冷却水からメタステーブルな 積み重ねの乱れた氷の形が 示唆されていましたが 蒸気から育った氷は 未定でした
  • 蒸気から育った氷の構造は 大気中の過程を理解するために重要です

研究 の 目的:

  • 関連する大気温帯の水蒸気吸収によって形成される氷の構造を決定する.
  • 蒸気界面での氷形成の分子メカニズムを解明する.
  • 蒸気と氷の立方体と六角形の間の自由エネルギー差を計算する.

主な方法:

  • 大規模な分子シミュレーションが採用されました.
  • シミュレーションでは 水蒸気堆積による氷の成長を分析しました
  • 氷蒸気インターフェースの自由エネルギー計算が行われました.

主要な成果:

  • 蒸気堆積は極端な過飽和状態でのみ堆積された無秩序な氷を生み出し,不均衡の液層を形成します.
  • 適度な超飽和度 (200260 K) で,六角氷は蒸気からのみ生じる.
  • 立方体の氷は,特に六角形の氷-蒸気界面において,大量および重要な界面自由エネルギーペナルティのために不利である.

結論:

  • 六角氷は,シラスと混合相雲の蒸気から育った支配的なポリモルフです.
  • 蒸気から育った氷の堆積障害は,非常に低い温度 (熱帯熱帯,極地層層雲) で発生する可能性があります.
  • 立方体の氷の選択的な成長は,氷と液体の界面では実現可能ですが,氷と蒸気の界面ではできません.