"同じか違うか"という関係性概念に アヒルの足跡
Antone Martinho1, Alex Kacelnik1
1Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. antone.martinho@zoo.ox.ac.uk alex.kacelnik@zoo.ox.ac.uk.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|July 16, 2016
まとめ
生まれたばかりのアヒルは 訓練なしに関係性概念の学習をします 生命の初期に抽象的な推論能力を発揮し,物体間の論理的関係を特定し,適用することができます.
科学分野:
- 認知科学
- 動物 の 行動
- 神経科学
背景:
- リレーショナル・コンセプト・ラーニングは,刺激間の関係を理解し,新しい状況に適用することを含みます.
- この能力はいくつかの動物種で観察されており,通常は広範な訓練を必要とします.
- 抽象的な性質は通常 高い認知機能と関連しています
研究 の 目的:
- 生まれたばかりのアヒルの関係性学習を研究する.
- 抽象的な概念的推論が強化訓練なしで起こるかどうかを判断する.
- 幼の認知能力を調べるためだ
主な方法:
- 新しく 卵から 抜け出した 子 は,形 や 色 が 異なっ て いる 物 の ペア に 短時間 に 晒さ れ まし た.
- 補強訓練は行われなかった.
- 特定の関係を示す新しいオブジェクトのペアをフォローするアヒルの好みは観察されました.
主要な成果:
- 新しいオブジェクトのペア (同じまたは異なる) に従うことを好むことが示されました.
- この好みは,予備的な補強訓練なしで観察されました.
- 抽象的な関係を把握する 生まれつきの能力を示しています
結論:
- 生まれたばかりのアヒルの雛は 感情的な概念を自発的に学びます
- Filial imprintingは,抽象的な概念的推論を伴うもので,認知的な要求に関する以前の仮定に挑戦します.
- これは 抽象的推論が 動物界で以前考えられていたよりも 広く存在していることを示唆しています
関連する概念動画
01:22Imprinting
11.4K
Behavioral imprinting is observed in some newborn animals and occurs when they develop strong and specific attachments to another animal (usually a parent) following brief, early-life exposures. Offspring imprint onto parents within a brief period after birth or hatching; this time window is called the critical period. Once imprinting occurs, the bond established between the parents and their offspring is usually long-lasting.
11.4K
01:26Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect
320
The similarity-dissimilarity effect, a fundamental concept in social psychology, explains how interpersonal similarities and differences influence attraction and social interactions. This effect is supported by three key psychological perspectives: balance theory, social comparison theory, and consensual validation.Balance Theory and Cognitive ConsistencyBalance theory, developed by Fritz Heider, posits that individuals seek cognitive consistency in their relationships. When two people share...
320
01:23Factors Influencing Attraction III: Similarity
882
The similarity hypothesis suggests that individuals are more likely to form relationships with others who share similar attitudes, beliefs, values, and interests. This concept has been widely studied in social psychology, demonstrating that perceived similarity fosters interpersonal attraction. In an experiment supporting this hypothesis, participants were presented with fabricated information indicating that strangers held attitudes similar to their own. The results showed that participants...
882
01:24Concepts and Prototypes
621
The human nervous system handles vast amounts of information by translating sensory stimuli into neural impulses, which the brain processes, creating thoughts expressed through language or stored as memories. The brain also synthesizes information from emotions and memories, which significantly influence thoughts and behaviors. This intricate process creates a comprehensive mental picture.
The brain organizes this information using concepts, which are mental categories grouping linguistic data,...
The brain organizes this information using concepts, which are mental categories grouping linguistic data,...
621
02:12Relationship Formation
46.3K
What do you think is the single most influential factor in determining with whom you become friends and whom you form romantic relationships? You might be surprised to learn that the answer is simple: the people with whom you have the most contact. This most important factor is proximity. You are more likely to be friends with people you have regular contact with. For example, there are decades of research that shows that you are more likely to become friends with people who live in your dorm,...
46.3K
00:49Complementation Tests
6.4K
A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
6.4K