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The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Eukaryotic Evolution01:24

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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
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Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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No description available
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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セレスのクレーター形成:地殻と進化への影響

H Hiesinger1, S Marchi2, N Schmedemann3

  • 1Institut für Planetologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany. hiesinger@uni-muenster.de.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 5, 2016
PubMed
まとめ

ドーン宇宙船の観測により,セレスの表面には大きなクレーターがあり,氷の殻の予測と矛盾しています. クレーターの形状は 氷岩の組成が混じっていることを示し, 円滑な領域の年代は 何億年にも及ぶ.

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科学分野:

  • 惑星科学
  • 地質学
  • 天文地質学

背景:

  • 熱化学モデルではセレスの内部が分化され 氷の殻が最小の衝突クレーターを持つと予測された.
  • 以前のモデルでは 氷の表面が緩みを促すため 大きなクレーターがないことが示唆されていた.

研究 の 目的:

  • 表面の特徴とセレスのクレーターに関するドーン宇宙船からの観測データを提示する.
  • クレーター形態と分布に基づいてセレスの地殻の構成と地質史を調査する.

主な方法:

  • Dawn宇宙船からの高解像度画像の分析
  • 衝突クレーターの形状,特徴,分布に関する研究.
  • クレーター年代測定技術を用いて特定の地域における絶対モデル年齢 (AMA) の決定.

主要な成果:

  • セレスは,以前の予測に反して,異質なクレーター分布を持つ重度のクレーター表面を示しています.
  • クレーターの形状は,純粋に氷か,純粋に岩か,多角形,テラス,斜面などの特徴を持つ地殻を示しています.
  • カーワンクレーター近くの滑らかな領域の絶対的なモデルは,時系列モデルによって5億5000万年前と7億2000万年前に形成されたことを示唆しています.

結論:

  • セレスの表面は予測されたよりかなりクレーターで,より複雑な地質の歴史を示唆しています.
  • セレスの地殻の混合氷岩組成はクレーターの形状と保存に影響を与えます.
  • 表面の特徴の年代測定はセレスの地質学的進化に新たな制約を与える.