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Solvents01:12

Solvents

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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
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Organic Compounds03:02

Organic Compounds

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All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. However, some carbon-containing compounds such as carbonates, cyanides, and...
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Entropy and Solvation02:05

Entropy and Solvation

8.7K
The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
8.7K
Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents01:27

Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents

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In the presence of heat or light, alkanes react with molecular halogens to form alkyl halides by a substitution reaction called radical halogenation. This reaction has three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination, as seen in the radical chlorination of methane to produce methyl chloride.
In the initiation step of the reaction, the chlorine molecule undergoes homolytic cleavage in the presence of light or heat, forming two highly reactive chlorine radicals. Propagation occurs in two...
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Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions01:38

Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions

7.6K
Overview
Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group.  The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2,  depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
Primary alcohols are synthesized from primary alkyl halides, and the...
7.6K
Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

1.5K
Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
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Separation of Aldehydes and Reactive Ketones from Mixtures Using a Bisulfite Extraction Protocol
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従来のアルカン溶媒の代替品

Mary L Harrell1, Thomas Malinski1, Coralys Torres-López1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|October 19, 2016
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

ポリオレフィン (α-olefin) のような炭化水素オリゴーマーは,溶媒混合物におけるヘプタンに安全で揮発性のない代替品を提供します. これらのオリゴーマー溶剤は,ヘプタンに匹敵する優れた性能を示しています.

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科学分野:

  • 緑の化学
  • 溶剤科学
  • ポリマー化学

背景:

  • ヘプタンなどの従来の低分子量アルカン溶媒は環境と安全性の問題を提起しています.
  • 化学プロセスには持続可能で無毒で再利用可能な溶媒の代替材料が必要です

研究 の 目的:

  • ヘプタンに適した代替品として,炭化水素オリゴーマー,特にポリオレフィン (PAO) を評価する.
  • 熱変形および二相溶媒システムにおけるPAOの性能を評価する.
  • ヘプタンと比較してPAOの浸出性,溶解性,および触媒性について調査する.

主な方法:

  • PAOとヘプタンの溶解性特性を比較するために,UV可視光譜を用いた.
  • 極性溶媒 (メタノール,水性エタノール,DMF) とアセトニトリルとの二相混合物における研究されたPAO
  • PAOとヘプタン溶媒におけるアゾ染料イソメリゼーション運動を研究した.

主要な成果:

  • PAOはヘプタンと似たような極相への低浸出を示します.
  • PAOは特定の染料に対してヘプタンと同様の溶解性を示しています.
  • PAOは溶媒の混合物における 有効な洗浄防止剤として機能する.
  • アゾ染料のイソメリゼーション率はPAOとヘプタンにおいて,熱的に,およびカルボキシル酸によって触媒化されるとともに同等である.

結論:

  • PAOのような炭化水素オリゴマーはヘプタンに有効で,無毒で,揮発性のない,再利用可能な代替品です.
  • PAOは,低分子量アルカンの望ましい溶媒特性を維持する.
  • これらのオリゴーマー溶剤は,従来の溶剤への依存を軽減し,様々な化学用途に持続可能な代替品を提供します.