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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
14.6K
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

41
Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
41
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
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水素の溢出に対する触媒のサポート効果

Waiz Karim1,2,3, Clelia Spreafico4, Armin Kleibert5

  • 1Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.

Nature
|January 6, 2017
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

活性化水素原子の移動である水素の溢れ流出は,還元可能な酸化チタンの支柱では急速に起こりますが,還元できない酸化アルミニウムの支柱では著しく遅く,制限されます. この研究は,異なる触媒の支柱における転移効率を定量化します.

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科学分野:

  • 材料科学
  • 表面化学
  • カタリシス

背景:

  • 水素の溢出は,活性化水素が金属触媒から支柱に移動することです.
  • 酸化チタンのような還元可能な基質での発生は知られていますが,酸化アルミニウムのような還元できない基質での行動は不明です.

研究 の 目的:

  • 還元性 (酸化チタン) と非還元性 (酸化アルミニウム) の両方で,水素の溢出の効率と空間的範囲を定量化する.
  • 精密に設計されたモデルシステムを用いて,異なる触媒のサポートに水素の溢出メカニズムを調査する.

主な方法:

  • トップダウンナノファブリケーションを使用して,制御されたナノ粒子間隔 (0-45 nm) のモデル触媒システムの製造.
  • プラチナナノ粒子で生成された水素による酸化鉄ナノ粒子の減少を観察するX線吸収スペクトル顕微鏡.
  • 密度関数理論の計算により,転移メカニズムが解明される.

主要な成果:

  • 素早い水素溢出が酸化チタンの上で観察され,陽子電子移転によって遠隔鉄酸化ナノ粒子が減少した.
  • アルミニウム酸化物への流出は10倍の速度で,空間的に制限され,3つの調整されたアルミニウム中心と水の相互作用によって媒介されます.
  • 溶解は,酸化アルミニウムの水素流動性と競合する.

結論:

  • この研究は,還元可能と非還元可能な酸化基材の水素溢出の異なるメカニズムと効率を明らかにしています.
  • 発見は水素貯蔵と触媒反応の理解を深め,多機能触媒におけるシナジスティック効果の洞察を提供します.
  • 開発されたモデルシステムアプローチは,サポートされている触媒の機能性を研究するためのプラットフォームを提供します.