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Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

41
Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
41
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

14.6K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
14.6K
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

4.0K
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
4.0K
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

9.2K
Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
9.2K
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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CO2削減のためのコアシェル構造を持つAg-Snバイメタリック触媒

Wesley Luc1, Charles Collins1, Siwen Wang2

  • 1Center of Catalytic Science and Technology, Department and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|January 18, 2017
PubMed
まとめ

研究者らは,効率的な二酸化炭素 (CO2) 変換のための新しいシルバータン (Ag-Sn) コアシェル触媒を開発しました. これらの触媒はフォーマット生産に高い選択性を示し,CO2利用と排出削減に有望な経路を提供している.

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科学分野:

  • 材料科学
  • 電気化学
  • カタリシス

背景:

  • 二酸化炭素 (CO2) を有価な化学物質に変換することは,排出量を軽減するために極めて重要です.
  • 電気化学的なCO2削減には,活性化エネルギー障壁を克服するために触媒が必要です.
  • 第1列の移行金属は潜在性を示しているが,高酸素 afinityによる酸化に苦しんでいる.

研究 の 目的:

  • 効率的なCO2変換のためのAg-Snコアシェル電触媒の設計と合成.
  • 部分的に酸化した殻の触媒性能の役割を調査する.
  • CO2の活性化と形成のメカニズムを理解する.

主な方法:

  • コアシェルのナノ構造を持つAg-Sn二金属電触媒の合成
  • 触媒活性と選択性を評価するための電気化学的特徴付け.
  • 密度関数理論 (DFT) の計算により,反応機構と活性部位を明らかにする.

主要な成果:

  • ~1.7 nmのSnOxシェルで最適な触媒は, ~80%のフォーマットファラダイク効率と ~16 mA cm-2の部分電流密度を -0.8 VでRHEで達成した.
  • DFTの計算により,SnO{101}の酸素空白はCO2の活性化に不可欠であることが明らかになった.
  • 酸素空位でのCO2吸収エネルギーと触媒性能との間の線形相関が確認された.

結論:

  • 部分的に酸化した殻を持つAg-Snコアシェルのナノ構造は,CO2の電還元が形成されるのに有効です.
  • SnOx殻の酸素空白は,中間物質の安定化と触媒活動の強化において重要な役割を果たします.
  • この研究は,選択的なCO2変換のための触媒設計に関する洞察を提供し,パフォーマンスの最適化のための主要な記述者を特定します.