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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

9.9K
Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein....
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

4.0K
Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
9.8K
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

16.7K
The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
16.7K
RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

10.0K
RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
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機能的に相互依存する活動による単一の場所での編集とメチル化

Mary Anne T Rubio1, Kirk W Gaston1,2, Katherine M McKenney1

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Ohio State Biochemistry Program and The Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

Nature
|February 24, 2017
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

核酸の化学的変異は極めて重要であるが,よく理解されていない. この研究は,シトシンメチレーションがトライパノソーマブルセイtRNAのデアミン化の前提条件であり,ゲノム安定性を説明していることを示しています.

さらに関連する動画

Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues
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Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues

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An Engineered Split-TET2 Enzyme for Chemical-inducible DNA Hydroxymethylation and Epigenetic Remodeling
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関連する実験動画

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Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
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Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues
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Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues

Published on: November 22, 2014

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An Engineered Split-TET2 Enzyme for Chemical-inducible DNA Hydroxymethylation and Epigenetic Remodeling
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An Engineered Split-TET2 Enzyme for Chemical-inducible DNA Hydroxymethylation and Epigenetic Remodeling

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科学分野:

  • 分子生物学
  • 生物化学
  • 遺伝学

背景:

  • 核酸には,塩基と砂糖に影響を与える100以上の化学的変化があります.
  • ほとんどの核酸変異の生物合成経路は,ほとんど解明されていない.
  • 複雑な改変経路または相互依存性を示唆する.

研究 の 目的:

  • ユカリオットにおけるtRNAのサイトシン-ウリジン編集のメカニズムを調査する.
  • 酵素活性における改変相互依存の役割を明らかにする.
  • トリパノソーマ・ブルセイが 変異性デアミナーゼを持つにもかかわらず ゲノムの完全性を維持する方法を理解する.

主な方法:

  • Trypanosoma brucei tRNAThrにおけるサイトシン32の改変を調査した.
  • TRM140メチルトランスフェラーゼとADAT2/3デアミナーゼを含む精製された成分を用いて,酵素活性を再構成した.
  • メチルトランスフェラーゼとデアミナーゼの共発は,酵素活性と変異性を評価する.

主要な成果:

  • T. brucei tRNAThrのサイトシン32は,TRM140によって3-メチルサイトシン (m3C) にメチル化される.
  • m3Cは,ADAT2/3による3メチルウリジン (m3U) への後の解毒の前提となる.
  • TRM140とADAT2/3の共発はADAT2/3の変異性を抑制し,ゲノムの安定性を維持する.

結論:

  • メチル化がデアミネーションに先行する改変相互依存のモデルが示されている.
  • この連続的な改変経路は,T. bruceiにおける大量除菌の欠如を説明する.
  • ヒトのAIDを含む変異性デアミナーゼの調節に関する洞察が得られる.