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Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

4.7K
Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
4.7K
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles01:13

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles

3.1K
Nitriles can be reduced to primary amines using reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride or catalytic hydrogenation. The reduction introduces an amino group with an extra carbon in the skeleton. Nitriles are formed from the reaction between alkyl halides and sodium cyanide through the SN2 mechanism. Primary alkyl halides are the preferred substrates to prepare nitriles.
Amides can be reduced to primary, secondary, and tertiary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, active metals like Fe,...
3.1K
Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

4.8K
Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
4.8K
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

9.0K
The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
9.0K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

5.0K
Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
5.0K
Preparation of Nitriles01:12

Preparation of Nitriles

2.7K
One of the common methods to prepare nitriles is the dehydration of amides. This method requires strong dehydrating agents like phosphorous pentoxide or boiling acetic anhydride for converting amides to nitriles. Another reagent namely, thionyl chloride also accomplishes the dehydration of amides, where amide acts as a nucleophile. The first step of the mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack by the amide on the thionyl chloride to form an intermediate. In the next step, the electron pairs...
2.7K

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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

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マルチメタリックウランニトリド複合体による窒素還元と機能化

Marta Falcone1, Lucile Chatelain1, Rosario Scopelliti1

  • 1Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.

Nature
|July 21, 2017
PubMed
まとめ

研究者は,環境条件下で惰性分子窒素 (N2) を割って機能させる新しいウラン複合体を開発しました. この突破は,N2からアンモニアや有機窒素製品などの有価な化合物を合成するための新しい経路を提供し,現在の工業プロセスよりも穏やかな条件で可能である.

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The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
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The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

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Reverse Microemulsion-mediated Synthesis of Monometallic and Bimetallic Early Transition Metal Carbide and Nitride Nanoparticles
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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
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The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
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Reverse Microemulsion-mediated Synthesis of Monometallic and Bimetallic Early Transition Metal Carbide and Nitride Nanoparticles
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科学分野:

  • 非有機化学
  • 有機金属化学
  • カタリシス

背景:

  • 分子窒素 (N2) は豊富ですが,反応性はありませんので,穏やかな条件下で価値ある化学物質に変換することは困難です.
  • ハーバー・ボッシュのような既存の工業プロセスは厳しい条件下で動作し,N2機能化のための分子触媒はよく定義された構造やさらなる反応性を欠いている.
  • ウラン化合物は,有効なN2固定触媒として歴史的な先例を持っていますが,N2変換のための分子ウラン複合体はほとんど未開発のままです.

研究 の 目的:

  • 環境条件下でN2を結合・還元できる新しい分子ウラン複合体を合成し,特徴づけること.
  • ウラン複合体内のN2リガンドの機能化を調査し,N-HまたはN-C結合形成につながります.
  • 軽度のN2活性化と変換のための新しい分子プラットフォームを確立する.

主な方法:

  • ニトリドリガンドで橋渡しされた二核ウラン (III) 複合体の合成と完全な特徴付け.
  • H2,陽子,一酸化炭素のような反応剤で特徴づけられた複合体のステキオメトリック反応.
  • N2の分裂とその後の機能化を確認するために,光譜と構造分析を行う.

主要な成果:

  • 中央のニトリド群を特徴とする明確に定義された二核ウラン (III) 複合体は合成され,特徴づけられた.
  • この複合体は,環境条件下でN2の4電子減少を達成した.
  • その後,H2 / プロトンまたはCOで反応し,アンモニアまたはシアネートを形成し,N2の完全な分裂と機能化をもたらした.

結論:

  • 分子ウラン複合体は,温和な条件下でN2をNH3やシアネートのような有価な製品にステキオメトリック変換を効率的に媒介することができます.
  • この研究は,新しいN2分割および機能化分子触媒の設計の基礎として,柔軟な,電子豊富な,マルチメタリック,ナトリドブリッジコアユニットの可能性を強調しています.
  • この作業は,利用可能な条件下で不活性なN2を活性化させることで,持続可能な化学合成のための新しい道を開きます.