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Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
Electron tomography can be performed either in TEM or STEM (scanning transmission...
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Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview01:12

Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview

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The 1D NMR spectrum of large and complex molecules like natural products has complicated splitting patterns and overlapping signals, which can be easily interpreted using 2-dimensional (2D) NMR. Unlike 1D NMR, 2D NMR has two frequency axes that provide the coupling information between the nucleus A and nucleus B in a molecule. The process from which 2D spectra are obtained has four steps.
The first step is the preparation period, during which nucleus A is excited with a radiofrequency pulse....
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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X線ベクトルナノトモグラフィで発見された3次元磁化構造

Claire Donnelly1,2, Manuel Guizar-Sicairos2, Valerio Scagnoli1,2

  • 1Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.

Nature
|July 21, 2017
PubMed
まとめ

研究者は硬質X線ベクトルナノトモグラフィーを開発し,柔らかい鉄磁気材料の3D磁気構造をイメージしました. この技術はブロッホの点を直接観測し 磁気特異性を予測し 大量磁石の新たな構成を明らかにしました

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科学分野:

  • 凝縮物質物理学
  • 材料科学
  • ナノテクノロジー

背景:

  • 柔らかい鉄磁気材料は ドメインや渦のような複雑な磁気パターンを表します
  • より厚い材料 (マイクロメートル) の3D磁気構造の研究は,現在の方法では困難です.
  • 既存の技術は薄膜 (最大200 nm) に限定され,電子または柔らかいX線画像を通してアクセスできます.

研究 の 目的:

  • 散発材料におけるナノスケール3D磁気構造の決定のための新しいイメージング技術を開発し,適用する.
  • ブロッホ点のような難解な磁気特異性を3次元で直接観察し,特徴づけること.
  • 大量の磁気特性と応用を理解するために重要な内部ナノ磁気構造を調査する.

主な方法:

  • ナノスケール3D磁気構成マッピングのためのハードX線ベクトルナノトモグラフィの開発.
  • 100ナノメートルの空間解像度で 5マイクロメートルの直径の柔らかい磁石柱をイメージしています.
  • 渦巻き,反渦巻き,およびそれに関連する壁を含む複雑な磁気構成の分析.

主要な成果:

  • 柔らかい磁石柱の体内の複雑な3D磁石構造の直接観測
  • 磁気構造の交差点にある 磁気特異性を予測した
  • ブロッホ点の近くの2つの潜在的な磁化構成の識別:循環構造と歪んだ"反ブロッホ点"状態.

結論:

  • ハードX線ベクトルナノトモグラフィは,マイクロメートルサイズのシステムにおけるトポロジカル磁気構造のナノスケール研究を可能にします.
  • ブロッヒ点の直接観測は 基本的な磁気現象に関する 重要な洞察力を提供します
  • 内部のナノ磁気構造を理解することは,大量の磁石の設計と技術的な応用を進めるために不可欠です.