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The Citric Acid Cycle: Output01:28

The Citric Acid Cycle: Output

10.8K
The citric acid cycle is termed an amphibolic pathway as it operates both anabolically and catabolically. The cyclic reactions balance the flux of the substrates to provide an optimal concentration of NADH and ATP to the cell.
Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle
The citric acid cycle is regulated in several ways, including feedback inhibition, regulation of enzyme activities, and associated anaplerotic or cataplerotic pathways.
The primary substrate of the TCA cycle—acetyl CoA—is...
10.8K
Respiration Pathways01:26

Respiration Pathways

818
Cellular respiration is a fundamental metabolic process that enables organisms to generate energy from organic molecules. One of its central pathways is the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, which plays a crucial role in energy production and biosynthetic processes.Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoAThe pyruvate generated from glycolysis undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, producing acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH, and one...
818
The Citric Acid Cycle02:36

The Citric Acid Cycle

163.2K
The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, consists of several energy-generating reactions that yield one ATP molecule, three NADH molecules, one FADH2 molecule, and two CO2 molecules.
163.2K
Fates of Pyruvate01:20

Fates of Pyruvate

11.3K
Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...
11.3K
Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

3.8K
Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose transport into cells is facilitated by a family of transport proteins called GLUT (Glucose Transporters). GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter for insulin-stimulated glucose...
3.8K
Products of the Citric Acid Cycle00:53

Products of the Citric Acid Cycle

103.8K
The cells of most organisms—including plants and animals—obtain usable energy through aerobic respiration, the oxygen-requiring version of cellular respiration. Aerobic respiration consists of four major stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The third major stage, the citric acid cycle, is also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
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Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Refractive Index or Mass Spectrometric Detection for Metabolite Profiling in Lysate-based Cell-free Systems
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グルコースは,循環中の乳酸を介してTCAサイクルを供給する.

Sheng Hui1,2, Jonathan M Ghergurovich1,3, Raphael J Morscher1,2

  • 1Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.

Nature
|October 19, 2017
PubMed
まとめ

乳酸はグルコースだけでなく 哺乳類の組織や腫瘍の 主な燃料源です この研究は,乳酸が

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科学分野:

  • 代謝経路
  • 栄養素の利用
  • 癌の代謝

背景:

  • 哺乳類の組織は 循環中のグルコースのような栄養素を エネルギーとして利用します
  • グルコースは通常,エアロビック条件下でトリカルボキシル酸 (TCA) サイクルを通じて完全に代謝されます.
  • アナーロビック・グリコロシスの産物である乳酸は 潜在的ですが過小評価されている栄養源です

研究 の 目的:

  • 哺乳類の組織における代謝燃料としての循環乳酸の役割を定量的に評価する.
  • 様々な組織と腫瘍における TCA サイクルに対する乳酸の貢献を調査する.
  • 乳酸に関する糖分解とTCAサイクルとの関係を理解する.

主な方法:

  • マウスの循環中の代謝物質の流れを体系的に調べる.
  • 代謝経路を追跡するために13Cで標識された栄養素を静脈注入する.
  • 組織と腫瘍のTCAサイクル中間ラベルの定量分析

主要な成果:

  • 乳酸は代謝産物の中で最も高い循環流量を示し,餌を与えられたマウスと断食したマウスの両方においてグルコースを上回る.
  • 13C-乳酸は,検査されたすべての組織にTCAサイクル中間物質を広く標識する.
  • 断食状態では,循環する乳酸は,脳を除いて,組織TCA代謝の主要な間接的な貢献者である.
  • 乳酸は,空腹中のグルコースよりも,肺および臓の腫瘍に多く貢献します.

結論:

  • 乳酸は,ほとんどの哺乳類の組織と腫瘍におけるTCAサイクルの主な循環基質である.
  • 糖分解とTCAサイクルは分離され,乳酸は重要な中間体として作用する.
  • 乳酸の燃料源としての役割は定量的に重要であり,特にがん代謝においてさらなる調査が必要である.