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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

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The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
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The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Isolation of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells from Mouse Nasal Mucosa to Detect the Expression of CD226
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ILC2を上げられるか?

Paul A Muller1, Daniel Mucida1

  • 1Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA.

Cell
|November 4, 2017
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

生まれながらのリンパ性細胞2型 (ILC2s) は,粘膜表面のニューロンと通信する. この新しい炎症経路は 免疫細胞と神経が 組織の中で相互作用する 新しい方法を示しています

さらに関連する動画

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells
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Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

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A Strategy for the Study of IL-9-Producing Lymphoid Cells in the Nippostrongylus brasiliensis Infection Model
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関連する実験動画

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Isolation of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells from Mouse Nasal Mucosa to Detect the Expression of CD226
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Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells
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A Strategy for the Study of IL-9-Producing Lymphoid Cells in the Nippostrongylus brasiliensis Infection Model
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科学分野:

  • 免疫学
  • 神経科学
  • 細胞生物学

背景:

  • 生まれながらのリンパ性細胞 (ILC) は,組織特有の信号に素早く反応する重要な免疫細胞です.
  • ILCのサブセットであるILC2は,アレルギー性炎症と組織修復における役割で知られている.
  • 免疫細胞と神経系とのコミュニケーションは 組織の恒常性を維持するために不可欠です

研究 の 目的:

  • ILC2sとニューロン間の新しいコミュニケーションメカニズムを調査する.
  • 粘膜表面におけるILC2ニューロン相互作用の役割を調査する.
  • ILC2sと神経細胞を含む 新しい炎症信号伝達経路を発見するために

主な方法:

  • ILC2ニューロンの相互作用を 現場で視覚化するために 先進的なイメージング技術を使用した.
  • 直接的な細胞コミュニケーションを 研究するために コカルチャー実験を行いました
  • 関連するシグナリング分子を特定するためにトランスクリプトミア分析を使用した.

主要な成果:

  • ILC2sとニューロンの間の直接的な物理的接触とシグナル伝達が示された.
  • ILC2sによって放出される特定の炎症媒介物質が特定され,神経細胞の活動を調節する.
  • このコミュニケーションが 局所的な組織反応に 影響を及ぼすことが示されました

結論:

  • ILC2sと粘膜表面のニューロン間で新しい炎症伝達軸が存在する.
  • この相互作用は,免疫神経系との交響の,これまで未知の経路を表しています.
  • このクロストークの理解は 炎症性疾患の新たな治療対象となるかもしれません