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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction02:27

Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction

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Introduction
Alkylation of terminal alkynes with primary alkyl halides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide is one of the common methods for the synthesis of longer carbon-chain alkynes. For example, treatment of 1-propyne with sodium amide followed by reaction with ethyl bromide yields 2-pentyne.
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Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones01:38

Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones

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Carbonyl compounds and primary amines undergo reductive amination first to produce imines, followed by secondary amines in the same reaction mixture, using selective reducing agents like sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride. Reductive amination produces different degrees of substitution of amines depending on the starting amine substrate.
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
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Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines01:19

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

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Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary...
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Nitriles to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:08

Nitriles to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

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Nitriles undergo acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-catalyzed hydrolysis to form a carboxylic acid. These reactions proceed via an amide intermediate.
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再生可能アクリロニトリル生産

Eric M Karp1, Todd R Eaton1, Violeta Sànchez I Nogué1

  • 1National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|December 9, 2017
PubMed
まとめ

再生可能なアクリロニトリル (ACN) の生産は,バイオベースの3-ヒドロキシプロピオン酸 (3-HP) から達成されます. この新しいプロセスは従来の方法よりも高い収穫量と安全性を提供します.

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Green and Low-cost Production of Thermally Stable and Carboxylated Cellulose Nanocrystals and Nanofibrils Using Highly Recyclable Dicarboxylic Acids
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科学分野:

  • 化学工学
  • バイオテクノロジー
  • 持続可能な化学

背景:

  • アクリロニトリル (ACN) は,主に石油から派生した重要な工業化学物質です.
  • 現在のACNの生産方法は,安全性や環境への影響に関する課題に直面しています.

研究 の 目的:

  • 再生可能資源からアクリロニトリル (ACN) を生産するための持続可能で安全なプロセスを開発する.
  • バイオベースのACN生産経路の効率とスケーラビリティを評価する.

主な方法:

  • 糖から3ヒドロキシプロピオン酸 (3-HP) の微生物生成を活用した.
  • エチル3ヒドロキシプロパノアート (エチル3HP) とアンモニアを二酸化チタンの触媒の上に使用した触媒脱水およびニトリレーションプロセスを開発した.
  • ACN合成のための統合されたスケールアッププロセスをモデル化しました.

主要な成果:

  • エチル3HPから90%以上のACNモラー収量を得ている.
  • 統合されたプロセスは,エチルアクリラートからほぼ定量的なACN産出 (98 ± 2%) を示した.
  • エンドサーミックプロセスの設計は反応の危険を軽減し,シアン化水素副産物を避けます.

結論:

  • バイオベースの3-HPから再生可能ACNの生産に適した,高収量で安全な経路が確立されています.
  • このプロセスは,従来の石油ベースのアクリロニトリル合成の持続可能な代替手段です.
  • この技術は安全性,収穫量,環境への影響という点で大きな利点があります.