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Classifying Matter by State02:49

Classifying Matter by State

104.6K
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Classifying Matter by Composition03:35

Classifying Matter by Composition

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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition throughout with uniform properties. For example, any sample of sucrose has the same composition and same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, regardless of the source from which it is isolated. 
A mixture is composed of two or...
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Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter02:57

Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

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The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties.
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The Atomic Theory of Matter02:59

The Atomic Theory of Matter

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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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What is Matter?01:13

What is Matter?

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The substance of the universe—from a grain of sand to a star—is called matter. Scientists define matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. An object’s mass and its weight are related concepts, but not quite the same. An object’s mass is the amount of matter contained in the object and is the same whether that object is on Earth or in the zero-gravity environment of outer space. An object’s weight, on the other hand, is its mass as affected by the pull of...
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States of Matter01:20

States of Matter

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Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter commonly found on Earth. A solid is rigid and possesses a definite shape. A liquid flows and takes the shape of its container, except it forms a flat or slightly curved upper surface when acted upon by gravity. Both liquid and solid samples have volumes nearly independent of pressure. A gas takes both the shape and volume of its container.
Scientists have discovered a fourth state of matter, plasma, that occurs naturally in the interiors...
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Transcriptomic Analysis of C. elegans RNA Sequencing Data Through the Tuxedo Suite on the Galaxy Project
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ダークマターがない銀河

Pieter van Dokkum1, Shany Danieli1, Yotam Cohen1

  • 1Astronomy Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.

Nature
|March 30, 2018
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

超拡散銀河NGC1052-DF2は,驚くほど低い暗黒物質のハロ質量を持っています. この発見は標準的な冷たい暗黒物質モデルに 異議を唱え 暗黒物質が常に銀河のスケールでバリオン物質と 結合していないことを示唆しています

さらに関連する動画

A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology
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DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
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Transcriptomic Analysis of C. elegans RNA Sequencing Data Through the Tuxedo Suite on the Galaxy Project
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A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology
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DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
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科学分野:

  • 天文学と天体物理学
  • 宇宙学
  • 銀河の形成 と 進化

背景:

  • 標準宇宙モデルでは ダークマターのハロ質量と 銀河の恒星質量との間に 緊密な結合があると考えられています
  • この関係は,Mhalo/Mstars比によって定量化され,通常は,銀河系のような銀河の最小値を示し,低質量と高質量銀河の両方に増加します.
  • この質量-結合関係における散乱は,特に矮星銀河では,弱く制約されています.

研究 の 目的:

  • 超拡散銀河NGC1052-DF2のダークマターの含有量を調査する.
  • ダークマターの普遍性を テストするために

主な方法:

  • NGC1052-DF2内の10個の輝く球状星団のような天体の放射速度を測定した.
  • 銀河の速度の分散を推測する
  • 特定の半径内のNGC1052-DF2の総質量を推定する.

主要な成果:

  • NGC1052-DF2の速度の分散は10.5 km/s (90%信頼度) 未満であることが判明した.
  • 7.6 kpc以内の総質量は,太陽質量3.4 × 108未満であることが決定された.
  • その結果,Mhalo/Mstarsの比率は,予想よりもかなり低い (少なくとも400の因数).

結論:

  • NGC1052-DF2は,恒星の質量に比べて非常に低い暗黒物質含有量を示しています.
  • この観測は 銀河スケールでのダークマターとバリオン物質の 普遍的な結合に対する強力な証拠を提供します
  • この発見は,冷たい暗黒物質のパラダイム内の銀河形成モデルの再評価を必要とします.