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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

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Genomics02:02

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Convergent Evolution

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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Eukaryotic Evolution

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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
Contrary to the endosymbiont theory, the eukaryote-first hypothesis proposes that the simpler prokaryotic and...
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Directed Evolution Method in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Mutant Library Creation and Screening
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1,011個のSaccharomyces cerevisiae単離体におけるゲノム進化

Jackson Peter1, Matteo De Chiara2, Anne Friedrich1

  • 1Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, GMGM UMR 7156, Strasbourg, France.

Nature
|April 13, 2018
PubMed
まとめ

この研究では 1,011のサッカロミセス・セレヴィシア (ベーカーの酵母) のゲノムを配列化し,その進化史と遺伝的変異を明らかにした. 主要な発見は アジアの起源,家畜化,酵母菌の特性に対する遺伝子変化の影響などです.

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科学分野:

  • ゲノミクス
  • 進化生物学
  • 微生物学

背景:

  • 集団ゲノム調査は,自然集団における表型多様性を理解するために不可欠です.
  • 酵母菌 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) は酵母菌の進化と多様性を研究するモデル生物として用いられる.

研究 の 目的:

  • 1,011個のSaccharomyces cerevisiae単離物の全ゲノム配列化とフェノタイプ化を行うこと.
  • S. cerevisiaeの表型風景を形成する進化史とゲノム変異を明らかにする.
  • 将来の集団ゲノミクスとゲノタイプ-フェノタイプ研究のためのリソースを提供すること.

主な方法:

  • 1,011個のサカロマイセス・セレヴィシアの全ゲノム配列解析
  • 配列化された単離物のフェノタイプ化
  • 変種識別と関連研究を含むゲノム分析

主要な成果:

  • ゲノム分析により,S. cerevisiaeは単一の"中国外"の起源であり,その後に複数の家畜化が起きたことが確認された.
  • 飼い主化した孤立種は,プロイディ性,アヌプロイディ性,ゲノム含有量の高い変化を示し,野生の孤立種は,主に単一ヌクレオチドポリモルフィズム (SNP) を通して進化する.
  • ヘテロジゴシティの広範な喪失は,個体間の変化に貢献する一般的な特徴です. コピーの数の変化はSNPよりも大きな現象効果を持っています.

結論:

  • この研究は,S. cerevisiaeのフェノタイプに影響を与えるゲノム変異の正確な進化的イメージを提供します.
  • この包括的なデータセットは,このモデル酵母における集団ゲノミクスとゲノタイプ-フェノタイプ研究を進めるための貴重なリソースとして機能します.
  • S. cerevisiaeの表型多様性の遺伝的基礎を理解することは,基礎的研究と応用微生物学の両方に影響を及ぼします.