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What is Cell Signaling?02:03

What is Cell Signaling?

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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate to respond to the environment.
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Cell-surface Signaling01:21

Cell-surface Signaling

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Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.
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What are Cells?01:07

What are Cells?

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Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, e.g., in humans. No matter what organism a cell is a part of, they share specific characteristics.
Basic Characteristics of Cells
A living cell has a plasma membrane, a bilayer of lipids that separates the aqueous solution inside the cell called the cytoplasm from the outside environment.
Furthermore, a living cell possesses genetic information...
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Bacterial Signaling01:30

Bacterial Signaling

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Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. To achieve this, they engage in quorum sensing, the perception of higher cell density that causes changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing involves both extracellular and intracellular signaling. The signaling cascade starts with a molecule called an autoinducer (AI). Individual bacteria produce AIs that move out of the bacterial cell...
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Yeast Signaling01:28

Yeast Signaling

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Yeasts are single-celled organisms, but unlike bacteria, they are eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus). Cell signaling in yeast is similar to signaling in other eukaryotic cells. A ligand, such as a protein or a small molecule released from a yeast cell, attaches to a receptor on the cell surface. The binding stimulates second-messenger kinases to activate or inactivate transcription factors that further regulate gene expression. Many of the yeast intracellular signaling cascades have similar...
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Overview of Cell Signaling01:23

Overview of Cell Signaling

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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate with the environment.
Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. For example, skin cells respond to and transmit touch...
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合成細胞-細胞シグナリングによる自己組織化多細胞構造のプログラミング

Satoshi Toda1, Lucas R Blauch2, Sindy K Y Tang2

  • 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 2, 2018
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

科学者たちは 細胞同士のコミュニケーションネットワークを 設計し 組織が自己組織化できるようになりました これらの人工システムは 自然の発達を模倣し,カスタム組織工学の可能性を 示しています

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Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells
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科学分野:

  • 発達生物学
  • 合成生物学
  • バイオ材料工学

背景:

  • 多細胞組織の自己組織化は 細胞間信号伝達ネットワークに依存し 形態学的変化を誘導する.
  • これらのネットワークを理解することは 発達過程の解読と 新しい生物学的材料の設計の鍵です

研究 の 目的:

  • 細胞と細胞の接触により 細胞結合を修正する人工遺伝プログラムを開発する.
  • 細胞間シグナル伝達プログラムが 自然組織発達の特徴を再現できるかどうかを調査する.

主な方法:

  • 合成細胞間通信ネットワークを作るために シンノッチ・ジャクスタクリン・シグナリング・プラットフォームを利用した
  • 特定の細胞と細胞の接触が カデリン媒介の細胞結合の変化を誘発した 遺伝子プログラムです

主要な成果:

  • 多領域構造に強固な自己組織化が達成され, 連続組立と細胞型の分岐がある.
  • エンジニアリングされた組織組成における対称性破裂と再生能力が実証されている.
  • 繰り返しの細胞運命を分岐させる信号誘発の空間的再編成を示した.

結論:

  • 細胞間シグナル伝達プログラムは 自然な発達で観察される複雑な自己組織化行動を誘導します
  • 細胞分類による細胞信号の相互接続は 複雑な構造を形成する強力なメカニズムです
  • これらの発見は多細胞性の進化とカスタム組織を設計する可能性を洞察します.