機能的なメタゲノミクスを用いて発見された微生物ロドプシンの一種

Alina Pushkarev¹, Keiichi Inoue^2,3,4,5, Shirley Larom¹

¹Faculty of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.

Nature

|June 22, 2018

まとめ

科学者はヘリオロドプシンという光感性ピグメントの新種を発見しましたこの豊富な微生物のロドプシンには独特の膜方向性がありゆっくりと陽子を保持する光サイクルがあります

科学分野:

生物化学
微生物学
構造生物学

背景:

ロドプシンとは,多くの生物の光捕捉に不可欠な膜タンパク質です.
既知の2つのファミリーである1型 (微生物) と2型 (動物) のロドプシンには,低シーケンスホモロジーにもかかわらず,構造的類似性がある.
これらのタンパク質は網膜染色体と結合し,典型的にはプロトン化されたシフ基結合を形成する.

研究の目的:

新しいロドプシン族を特定し特徴づけること.
新しく発見されたロドプシンの構造,機能,分布を調査する.

主な方法:

機能的なメタゲノミクスは,新しいロドプシン族を発見するために使用された.
ヘリオロドプシン光サイクルを研究するために,光譜分析を用いた.
生物情報学的アプローチを用いて,世界の分布を評価した.

主要な成果:

ヘリオロドプシンという新しい多様性のあるロドプシン族が特定されました
ヘリオロドプシンには独特の膜方向性があり,N端は細胞質に向いている.
遅い光サイクル (>1秒) を有し,網膜の異体化と陽子移転が起こりますが,陽子放出はありません.
ヘリオロドプシンは,アルカイア,バクテリア,ユーカリア,およびそのウイルスの間で世界的に豊富に存在する.

結論:

ヘリオロドプシン (heliorhodopsins) は,以前は知られていなかった,広範囲に広がる光感受性タンパク質の家族です.
独特の特性により微生物の光感知とエネルギー伝導に新しい役割があることが示唆されています
この発見により微生物の多様性や進化の理解が広がりました

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