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Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

26.6K
A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
Telomeres consist of non-coding repetitive nucleotide...
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Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

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Chromosome Replication02:31

Chromosome Replication

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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
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Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

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In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops...
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Lampbrush Chromosomes

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Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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Surface Spreading and Immunostaining of Yeast Chromosomes
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機能する単一染色体酵母を作る

Yangyang Shao1,2, Ning Lu1,2, Zhenfang Wu3

  • 1Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.

Nature
|August 3, 2018
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

科学者たちは16個の染色体を融合させ,単一染色体の酵母を作りました. この巨大な染色体は 生命を支えているが 酵母菌の成長と生存能力に影響を与え 染色体の進化の洞察を与えてくれます

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科学分野:

  • 合成生物学
  • ゲノミクス
  • 細胞生物学

背景:

  • ユカリオットのゲノムは通常,複数の染色体に分かれています.
  • 染色体構造はゲノムの安定性や機能に不可欠です
  • 染色体組織を理解することで 進化の洞察が得られます

研究 の 目的:

  • 多染色体Saccharomyces cerevisiaeから 機能的な単染色体酵母を作り出すこと
  • 染色体数減少がゲノム構造と機能に与える影響を調査する.
  • クロモソームの構造と機能に関する ユーカリオットの進化を調査する.

主な方法:

  • Saccharomyces cerevisiaeにおける連続したエンドツーエンドの染色体融合を用いた.
  • 染色体数の減少を達成するために,標的化されたセンターメアの削除を行った.
  • 様々な技術を用いて,地球規模の3次元ゲノム構造の変化を分析した.
  • 単一染色体と野生型酵母のトランスクリプトームとフェノームのプロファイルを比較した.

主要な成果:

  • 16個の原生染色体から 生存可能な単染色体酵母菌株を成功裏に作りました
  • 染色体融合による3次元ゲノム構造の有意な変化を観察した.
  • 単一染色体と野生型の酵母に ほぼ同一のトランスクリプトームプロファイルが見つかりました
  • 類似した現象プロフィールが認められたが,遺伝子組み換え株の成長,競争力,生存能力は低下した.

結論:

  • 機能する単一染色体は ユカリオット細胞の生命を支えます
  • 染色体数を減らすことは ゲノム構造を劇的に変化させるが,全体的な遺伝子発現にはならない.
  • この合成生物学のアプローチは,染色体の進化と機能を研究する新しい方法を提供します.