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Structural Protein Function01:56

Structural Protein Function

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Structural proteins are a category of proteins responsible for functions ranging from cell shape and movement to providing support to major structures such as bones, cartilage, hair, and muscles. This group includes proteins such as collagen, actin, myosin, and keratin.
Collagen, the most abundant protein in mammals, is found throughout the body. In connective tissue, such as skin, ligaments, and tendons, it provides tensile strength and elasticity.  In bones and teeth, it mineralizes to...
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Structural Protein Function01:56

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Fruit Development, Structure, and Function01:58

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Fruits form from a mature flower ovary. As seeds develop from the ovules contained within, the ovary wall undergoes a series of complex changes to form fruit. In some fruits, such as soybeans, the ovary wall dries; in other fruits, such as grapes, it remains fleshy. In some cases, organs other than the ovary contribute to fruit formation; such fruits are called accessory fruits.
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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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There are between 4.2 and 6 million erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, in every microliter of blood. These cells are small, flattened biconcave discs with centers that are depressed.
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The cell fragments known as platelets are disc-shaped, with an average diameter of about 3 μm and a thickness of roughly 1 μm. They play a crucial role in the body's vascular clotting system, which also involves plasma proteins, blood cells, and blood vessel tissues.
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地球上の上層微生物群の構造と機能

Mohammad Bahram1,2,3, Falk Hildebrand4, Sofia K Forslund4,5,6

  • 1Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. bahram@ut.ee.

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|August 3, 2018
PubMed
まとめ

細菌の遺伝的多様性は温帯の土壌でピークに達し,微生物の遺伝子組成は地理よりも環境要因により影響を受けます. 細菌と真菌の対立のような バイオティックな相互作用も これらの土壌コミュニティを形作ります

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科学分野:

  • 微生物学
  • エコロジー
  • 環境科学

背景:

  • 土壌は地球で最も多様な微生物の宿主であり 栄養素の循環と炭素の貯蔵には不可欠です
  • 土壌の微生物コミュニティ (細菌と真菌) を理解するには,そのグローバルな分布,遺伝子レパートリー,環境関連をモデル化する必要があります.
  • 微生物の多様性と機能のグローバルパターンは,生態系サービスの予測に不可欠です.

研究 の 目的:

  • 地球規模の分布パターンと土壌微生物の機能的な遺伝子レパートリーをモデル化する.
  • 細菌と真菌の土壌コミュニティを形成する生物学的および環境的関連を調べる.
  • 微生物の多様性と遺伝子組成の要因を理解する.

主な方法:

  • メタゲノミクスとメタバコーディングを189の場所 (7,560のサブサンプル) から採取した.
  • バクテリアと真菌の遺伝的多様性と遺伝子組成を分析した.
  • 微生物コミュニティ,環境変数,地理的距離の関係を評価した.

主要な成果:

  • バクテリアの遺伝的多様性は温帯の生息地で最も高く,真菌の多様性のパターンは異なる.
  • 微生物の遺伝子組成は 地理的な距離よりも 環境の変数 (降水量,土壌のpH) によって変化する.
  • 抗生物質耐性遺伝子から推論された強い細菌と真菌の対抗性の証拠は,重要な生物学的相互作用を示唆する.

結論:

  • 菌類とバクテリアは 環境要因に対する 対照的な反応で グローバルなニッチの差異を示しています
  • 環境のフィルタリングと競争は 微生物の豊富さ,組成,遺伝子機能に大きな影響を与える.
  • 土壌の微生物が地球規模の栄養循環に与える貢献は,環境的,生物学的要因によって空間的に変化します.