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Halogens03:01

Halogens

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Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group. 
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Bond Energies and Bond Lengths02:49

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

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Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, that is, the energy necessary to separate the bonded atoms. Separating any pair of bonded atoms requires energy — the stronger a bond, the greater the energy required to break it.
31.5K
Peptide Bonds02:43

Peptide Bonds

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A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid's carboxyl group and another amino acid's amino group combine, releasing a water molecule. The resulting bond is the peptide bond. The products that such linkages form are peptides. As more amino acids join this growing chain, the resulting chain is a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end has the N-terminal, or the amino-terminal, and the other end has a free...
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Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Valence Bond Theory02:45

Valence Bond Theory

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Overview of Valence Bond Theory
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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

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溶液中のハロゲン結合の非対称性

Sofia Lindblad1,2, Krenare Mehmeti1, Alberte X Veiga1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Gothenburg , SE-412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|September 21, 2018
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

研究者は,水素結合に似た,ハロゲン結合における非対称性の誘導を調査した. 静的非対称性は達成可能であるが,ダイナミックな交換は,水素結合とは異なり,強いハロゲン結合の形成により不利である.

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In Vitro Method to Control Concentrations of Halogenated Gases in Cultured Alveolar Epithelial Cells
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In Vitro Method to Control Concentrations of Halogenated Gases in Cultured Alveolar Epithelial Cells

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Fabrication of Uniform Nanoscale Cavities via Silicon Direct Wafer Bonding
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Fabrication of Uniform Nanoscale Cavities via Silicon Direct Wafer Bonding

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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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In Vitro Method to Control Concentrations of Halogenated Gases in Cultured Alveolar Epithelial Cells
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In Vitro Method to Control Concentrations of Halogenated Gases in Cultured Alveolar Epithelial Cells

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Fabrication of Uniform Nanoscale Cavities via Silicon Direct Wafer Bonding
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Fabrication of Uniform Nanoscale Cavities via Silicon Direct Wafer Bonding

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科学分野:

  • 超分子化学
  • 化学的結合
  • コンピュータ化学

背景:

  • ハロゲン結合は,非共性相互作用で電子受容体として作用するハロゲン原子を含む.
  • 素早く平衡する非対称な水素結合 ([D··H··D]+) とは異なり,類似のハロゲン結合 ([D··X··D]+) は典型的には静的および対称な幾何学を示している.
  • ハロゲン結合における非対称性とダイナミックな行動の可能性は,ほとんど未開拓のままである.

研究 の 目的:

  • 電子またはステリック因子を調節することによって,三中心ハロゲン結合 ([D-X··D]+) の非対称性の誘導を調査する.
  • 静的な3センターハロゲン結合を,素早く交換する非対称性アイソマーに変換し,水素結合の振る舞いを反映する.
  • ハロゲン結合複合体の幾何学とダイナミクスを支配する要因を理解する.

主な方法:

  • 核磁共振 (NMR) スペクトロスコーピーを利用した.
  • 採用された分子間潜在エネルギー (IPE) NMR
  • 密度関数理論 (DFT) の計算を行った.

主要な成果:

  • 電子密度の非対称化は静的,非対称なハロゲン結合幾何学 ([D-X··D]+) につながることを実証した.
  • 計算により,ドナーとドナーの距離を増加させることで,非対称性同位体 ([D··X-D]+ [D-X··D]+) 間のダイナミックな交換が可能であることが示された.
  • ダイナミックで非対称な形よりも,2つの静的,対称な3センターハロゲン結合でダイマーを形成することを強く好むことが観察されました.

結論:

  • ハロゲン結合は,水素結合と比べると根本的に異なる二次結合の好みを表しています.
  • ハロゲン結合における静的非対称性は,電子操作によって達成可能である.
  • 電子とステリックの影響を理解することは,改良されたハロニウム転送剤の設計と化学結合の知識の進歩に不可欠です.