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細胞 と 分子 の 基礎 に 基づく 惑星 的 再生

  • 0Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

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まとめ

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Molecular Models 02:00

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Physical models representing molecular architectures of chemical compounds play essential roles in understanding chemistry. The use of molecular models makes it easier to visualize the structures and shapes of atoms and molecules.

Skeletal Model

Simpler two-dimensional representations of chemical compounds are accomplished using skeletal models. The illustration shows only the molecular framework or bonds without explicitly showing the atoms. In this representation, many of the carbon atoms...

Molecular Orbital Theory II 03:51

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Molecular Orbital Energy Diagrams

The relative energy levels of atomic and molecular orbitals are typically shown in a molecular orbital diagram. For a diatomic molecule, the atomic orbitals of one atom are shown on the left, and those of the other atom are shown on the right. Each horizontal line represents one orbital that can hold two electrons. The molecular orbitals formed by the combination of the atomic orbitals are shown in the center. Dashed lines show which of the atomic orbitals...

Molecular Orbital Theory I 02:35

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Overview of Molecular Orbital Theory

Molecular orbital theory describes the distribution of electrons in molecules in the same way as the distribution of electrons in atoms is described using atomic orbitals. Quantum mechanics describes the behavior of an electron in a molecule by a wave function, Ψ, analogous to the behavior in an atom. Just like electrons around isolated atoms, electrons around atoms in molecules are limited to discrete (quantized) energies. The region of space in which...

Predicting Molecular Geometry 02:27

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VSEPR Theory for Determination of Electron Pair Geometries

The following procedure uses VSEPR theory to determine the electron pair geometries and the molecular structures:


Write the Lewis structure of the molecule or polyatomic ion.
Count the number of electron groups (lone pairs and bonds) around the central atom. A single, double, or triple bond counts as one region of electron density.
Identify the electron-pair geometry based on the number of electron groups: linear, trigonal planar,...

Molecular and Ionic 
Solids 02:54

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

Kinetic Molecular Theory: Molecular Velocities, Temperature, and Kinetic Energy 03:07

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The kinetic molecular theory qualitatively explains the behaviors described by the various gas laws. The postulates of this theory may be applied in a more quantitative fashion to derive these individual laws.

Collectively, the molecules in a sample of gas have average kinetic energy and average speed; but individually, they move at different speeds. Molecules frequently undergo elastic collisions in which the momentum is conserved. Since the colliding molecules are deflected off at different...