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Atomic Orbitals02:44

Atomic Orbitals

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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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Overview
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Atomic Mass01:52

Atomic Mass

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Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...
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The Energies of Atomic Orbitals03:21

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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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The Atomic Theory of Matter02:59

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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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Clock Scan Protocol for Image Analysis: ImageJ Plugins
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原子時計の性能により,センチメートル以下でジオデシーが可能です.

W F McGrew1,2, X Zhang1,3, R J Fasano1,2

  • 1National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.

Nature
|November 30, 2018
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

新しい光学原子時計は,かつてない精度で,重力の影響を時間的に測定する現在の能力を超えています. この画期的な発見により 進んだ地質学と 基礎物理学の研究が可能になりました

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科学分野:

  • 原子物理学
  • メトロロジー
  • 地理学

背景:

  • 原子時計は周波数標準の振動を数えて時間を計る.
  • 光学的な原子時計は精度が高く,10−17未満の分数性能に達します.
  • 相対性理論によると 時間の経過は相対的であり 速度,加速,重力の影響を受けます

研究 の 目的:

  • 地球の重力による時空の歪みを説明する現在の能力を超える光学時計の測定を実証する.
  • 光学時計の体系的不確実性,測定の不安定性,再現性に関する新しい基準を確立する.

主な方法:

  • 2つの独立したイテルビウム光学格子時計を使用した.
  • 性能基準を評価するためにローカルクロック測定を行いました.
  • 再現性分析のために10回のブラインド周波数比較を行った.

主要な成果:

  • 1.4 × 10−18 (クロック周波数単位で) の体系的不確実性を達成した.
  • 測定の不安定性は3.2 × 10−19と報告されています.
  • 周波数差が [-7 ± 5] ± 8] × 10−19 であることが証明された.

結論:

  • 証明された光学時計は,時空の重力歪曲を測定する現在の能力を超えています.
  • センチメートルの解像度で高度なジオデシを可能にします
  • これらの時計は地質学的現象を調査し,一般相対性理論をテストし,暗黒物質の探求に用いられます.