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Divergence and Curl01:15

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The divergence of a vector field at a point is the net outward flow of the flux out of a small volume through a closed surface enclosing the volume, as the volume tends to zero. More practically, divergence measures how much a vector field spreads out or diverges from a given point. For an outgoing flux, conventionally, the divergence is positive. The diverging point is often called the "source" of the field. Meanwhile, the negative divergence of a vector field at a point means that the vector...
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Divergence and Stokes' Theorems01:06

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The divergence and Stokes' theorems are a variation of Green's theorem in a higher dimension. They are also a generalization of the fundamental theorem of calculus. The divergence theorem and Stokes' theorem are in a way similar to each other; The divergence theorem relates to the dot product of a vector, while Stokes' theorem relates to the curl of a vector. Many applications in physics and engineering make use of the divergence and Stokes' theorems, enabling us to write...
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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
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The divergence of a vector is a measure of how much the vector spreads out (diverges) from a point. For example, an electric field vector diverges from the positive charge and converges at the negative charge. The divergence of an electric field is derived using Gauss's law and is equal to the charge density divided by the permittivity of space. Mathematically, it is expressed as
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The magnetic field due to a volume current distribution given by the Biot–Savart Law can be expressed as follows:
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As the human population continues to grow and use resources, we must be mindful of our planet’s natural limits. Sustainable development provides a pathway to maintain and improve human life now while also ensuring that future generations will have the resources that they need. The long-term success of sustainability efforts rests on understanding the interplay between human actions and ecological systems.
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人間とマカクの脳の発達における時空転写分岐

Ying Zhu1,2, André M M Sousa1, Tianliuyun Gao1

  • 1Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|December 15, 2018
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

この研究は,トランスクリプトミクスを用いて 種間の脳の発達をマッピングし, 神経発達障害に保存されたパターンと遺伝子のリンクを明らかにしています これらの発見は 人間の脳の進化と 病気の起源に光を当てています

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科学分野:

  • 神経科学
  • ゲノミクス
  • 発達生物学

背景:

  • 人間の神経系の発達は複雑で 時間と空間における 精密な遺伝子調節が必要です
  • 種間の保存された発達パターンを理解することは 人間の脳の進化と障害の洞察に不可欠です

研究 の 目的:

  • 霊長類の脳発達 (産前および産後) 中のトランスクリプトミックのパターンを調査する.
  • 種と発達段階の間で保存され,異なった遺伝子発現プログラムを識別する.
  • 人間の脳の進化と 神経精神疾患の遺伝的基盤を探求する

主な方法:

  • 組織レベルと単細胞のトランスクリプトミックのデータを 16つのレサス・マカクの脳領域から生成した.
  • マカクのデータと人間の発達データを統合した.
  • 空間時間的な遺伝子発現パターンを分析し,異なった遺伝子を特定した.

主要な成果:

  • 発達期および種間でのトランスクリプトミックの違いにおける"カップ型"パターンを特定し,生後収束を示した.
  • 胎児新皮質における一時的な地形的グラデーションと,胎児後の脳の発達における機能的階層を観察した.
  • 遺伝子の発現が変化して 産前前頭皮質の発達や 自閉症スペクトラム障害や 統合失調症に繋がっています

結論:

  • トランスクリプトミックのプログラムでは 霊長類の脳の発達に 保存されたパターンを明らかにし 人間の脳の進化の洞察を 提供しています
  • 特定の遺伝子発現の変化は,異なる脳領域の発達と神経精神疾患の病原性に関連しています.