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01:27C4 Pathway and CAM
Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
01:06Primary Production
The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
00:46Trophic Efficiency
Trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) is a measure of the total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next. Due to extensive energy loss as metabolic heat, an average of only 10% of the original energy obtained is passed on to the next level. This pattern of energy loss severely limits the possible number of trophic levels in a food chain.
01:14The Carbon Cycle
Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
01:50Global Climate Change
Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
01:27Microbes and Climate Change
Microorganisms are pivotal agents in Earth's biogeochemical cycles, significantly influencing climate dynamics through their metabolic activities. These microbes modulate the levels of key greenhouse gases by both contributing to and helping mitigate climate change.Microbial Contributions to Greenhouse Gas EmissionsRising global temperatures accelerate microbial metabolism, which, in turn, speeds up the decomposition of organic matter. This process releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) through...
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コメントへの返信 "熱帯雨林は,地上での利益と損失の測定に基づいた純炭素源である"
A Baccini1, W Walker2, L Carvalho3
1Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA 04523, USA. abaccini@whrc.org.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|January 12, 2019
まとめ
この研究は2つの異なるデータセットを調和させることで空間データの不一致を解決します. 適切に調整された比較では,南米のような地域で最大90%の合意が示されています.
科学分野:
- 環境科学
- 地理空間分析
背景:
- 環境データセットの間の空間的合意に疑問を投げかけている.
- 方法論やデータソースの違いが原因です
研究 の 目的:
- 2つの異なる環境データセットの間の空間的一致を評価する.
- 違いを調和させ,一致のレベルを評価する.
主な方法:
- 2つの地理空間データセットの比較分析
- 異なるデータポイントを一致させるための調整方法の開発
- 空間的な重複の定量的な評価
主要な成果:
- 最初の比較では,データセットの間の空間的な不一致が浮き彫りにされた.
- 和解の方法は不一致をうまく解決した.
- 南米などの特定の地域では,最大90%の地域合意が達成されました.
結論:
- 空間的な合意の欠如は主に方法論的な人工物です.
- 調和したデータセットは,それらの組み合わせを使用することを支持する,実質的な一致を示しています.
- 結果は,適切に比較されたデータセットの信頼性を検証します.