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関連する概念動画

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

3.4K
The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
3.4K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.5K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
2.5K
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.8K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
2.8K
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

3.1K
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
3.1K
Actin Polymerization01:42

Actin Polymerization

8.4K
Actin polymerization occurs through the head-to-tail association of binding sites on monomeric actin or G-actin to form filamentous or F-actin. The polymerization can be divided into three phases ̶  nucleation, elongation, and steady-state phase.
The nucleation phase involves forming a stable nucleus consisting of three actin monomers to form a new actin filament. Actin-binding proteins such as formins and Arp2/3 complex help filament growth post-nucleation. The Formins form straight...
8.4K
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

4.3K
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
4.3K

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関連する実験動画

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Photogeneration of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Application in Photoinduced Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization
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制御されたカルベンのポリメリゼーションに含まれる二核メカニズム

Aleksandr V Zhukhovitskiy1, Ilia J Kobylianskii1, Andy A Thomas2

  • 1Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|April 10, 2019
PubMed
まとめ

研究者は,制御されたカルベンのポリメリゼーションのための新しいパラジウムイニシアターを開発しました. この突破により,高度なポリオレフィンの合成が可能になり, 調節可能な性質と明確に定義された構造を持つことができます.

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Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals
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Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
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Photogeneration of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Application in Photoinduced Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization
12:19

Photogeneration of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Application in Photoinduced Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization

Published on: November 29, 2018

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Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals
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Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals

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Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
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科学分野:

  • ポリマー化学
  • 有機金属化学
  • 材料科学

背景:

  • 炭酸塩ポリメリゼーションは,従来のオレフィンポリメリゼーションで入手できないユニークなポリオレフィンへの経路を提供します.
  • 制御された生体カルベンのポリメリゼーションを達成することは,ポリマー科学における重要な課題であり続けています.

研究 の 目的:

  • 制御された準生カルベンのポリメリゼーションのための新しいイニシアターを開発する.
  • 高分子量,狭い分散度,定義された鎖の末端を持つポリオレフィンを合成する.
  • この新しいポリメリゼーションプロセスのメカニズムを調査する.

主な方法:

  • イニシアターとして (π-アルリル) パラジウム炭酸二酸化物を利用した.
  • ポリマー化されたエチルディアゾアセテート,カルベンの前駆体.
  • 実験的および理論的メカニズム分析を用いた.
  • 合成されたブロックコポリカルベン

主要な成果:

  • 制御された準生カルベンのポリメリゼーションをほぼ定量的な収量で達成した.
  • ポリマー化度が100を超え,分子量分散度が1.2-1.4のポリマーを製造した.
  • よく定義され,多様化可能な鎖末端を持つ生成されたポリマー.
  • マイクロフェーズ分離を示すブロックコポリカルベンを成功して合成した.
  • ポリメリゼーションプロセスの新しい二核メカニズムを明らかにした.

結論:

  • コントロールされたカルベンのポリメリゼーションのための新しいクラスを導入した.
  • よく定義されたポリオレフィンとブロックコポリマーを合成する能力を示した.
  • 新しい二核ポリメリゼーション経路に関する機械的洞察を提供した.