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Neural Control of Respiration01:18

Neural Control of Respiration

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The neural regulation of respiration is a meticulously coordinated process primarily controlled by the respiratory centers located within the brainstem. These centers, composed of specialized neurons, transmit nerve impulses that control the contraction and relaxation of our respiratory muscles.
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Two primary areas comprise the respiratory center: the medullary respiratory center in the medulla oblongata and the pontine respiratory group in the pons. The...
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Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens the chances of survival under pressures such as climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. Large populations are more likely to survive pressures such as these, as such populations are more likely to harbor individuals that have genetic variants that are adaptive under new stresses. Small populations are much less...
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A population is composed of members of the same species that simultaneously live and interact in the same area. When individuals in a population breed, they pass down their genes to their offspring. Many of these genes are polymorphic, meaning that they occur in multiple variants. Such variations of a gene are referred to as alleles. The collective set of all the alleles within a population is known as the gene pool.
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Population size is dynamic, increasing with birth rates and immigration, and decreasing with death rates and emigration. In ideal conditions with unlimited resources, populations can increase exponentially, which plots as a J-shaped growth rate curve of population size against time. This type of curve is characteristic of newly-introduced invasive species, or populations that have suffered catastrophic declines and are rebounding.
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Dehydration synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) is the chemical process in which two molecules covalently link together to form a new molecule, along with the release of a water molecule. Many physiologically important compounds form by dehydration synthesis reactions, such as complex carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA.
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Deep Neural Networks for Image-Based Dietary Assessment
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深層画像合成によるニューラル集団制御

Pouya Bashivan1, Kohitij Kar2, James J DiCarlo2

  • 1Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Center for Brains, Minds, and Machines, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|May 4, 2019
PubMed
まとめ

研究 者 たち は,霊長類 の 脳 の 神経 活動 を 制御 する ため に,人工 神経 ネットワーク (ANN) を 用い た

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科学分野:

  • 神経科学
  • 人工知能
  • 計算神経科学

背景:

  • 深層人工ニューラルネットワーク (ANN) は 霊長類の脳内視線の高度なモデルです
  • 現在のモデルは視覚処理をシミュレートするのに高い精度を提供します.

研究 の 目的:

  • 神経活動の非侵襲的な制御のためのANNの可能性を調査する.
  • 精密な神経操作のためのANN駆動画像合成の応用を探求する.

主な方法:

  • 人工ニューラルネットワーク (ANN) 駆動の画像合成アプローチを使用しました.
  • 霊長類の網膜に光源パターン (画像) を適用した.
  • 特定のV4ニューラルサイトとその集団をターゲットにした.

主要な成果:

  • 標的のV4神経部位におけるスパイク活動に対する予測可能な制御を達成した.
  • V4ニューラル集団の独立した制御が示され,受容領域が重なり合っているものを含む.
  • ニューラル活動を 自然に発生するレベルを超えて 推進する能力を示した

結論:

  • ANNからの知識は,神経細胞レベルでの望ましい脳状態を非侵襲的に設定するために使用できます.
  • より正確なANNモデルは 神経活動のより細かい制御につながります
  • このアプローチは 脳の機能を理解し 潜在的に調整するための 新しい方法を提供します